Ndichomwe chili. Mkhalidwe waumunthu umatha kupotoza, kupotoza ndi kuwononga zabwino zonse zomwe zimayikidwa patsogolo pake. Chifukwa mudzandiuza chomwe chingakhale cholakwika, kuyambira pachiyambi, ndi dongosolo la ndale monga chikominisi chomwe chimangosonyeza kufanana, kuchitirana pakati paofanana opanda gulu kapena chikhalidwe. utopia wa Marx ndi kudzutsidwa kophiphiritsa kwa nkhani zambiri za George Orwell...
Koma zinapezeka kuti chikominisi chinali chosiyana. Monga Def Con Dos adayimba kumbuyo zaka makumi asanu ndi anayi "Koma ndani adamasulira zolankhula za Lenin?" Kuchokera m'mawu ake a acidic amalozera kumasulira kwaulere kwa Stalin komwe adamaliza kupanga chikomyunizimu: kusonkhanitsa, ulamuliro wankhanza ndi wopondereza.
Zidzakhala kuti tilibe yankho chifukwa yankho, ukapitalisti wosalamulirika, ufulu waufulu wodzaza ndi mawu opanda kanthu omwe chikominisi chinawonetsa. Zolinga zabodza ndi mabungwe opeza bwino omwe amayamba kuchokera kuzinthu zabodza komanso kusiyana kokulirakulira pakati pa anthu olemera ndi ogwira ntchito m'misewu.
Koma Hei, ndiroleni ine ndifike pa mpesa. Lero ndi nthawi yoti tilankhule za chikominisi chopangidwa kuti chiyesedwe, chotumidwa kuchokera kwa osoka okhoza kuvala maulamuliro amtundu wankhanza, omasuka kwa nzika zawo. Ndipo Anna Applebaum amadziwa zambiri za zonsezi, akulozera ku zotsalira za chikominisi chodabwitsa, monga ine ndikunenera, palibe chochita ndi zongopeka, zomwe ngakhale lero zikulamulira pakati pa Russia, China ndi malire akum'mawa komwe ngakhale lero chinsalu chachitsulo chikuwoneka. kuyimilira zomwe nthawi zina zimawopseza kutigwera tonse mu Nkhondo Yachitatu Yadziko Lonse.
Mabuku Apamwamba Atatu Omwe Akulimbikitsidwa ndi Anne Applebaum
Gulag: Mbiri ya ndende zozunzirako anthu za Soviet
Kusagwirizana nthawi zonse ndikolakwika. Ndipo kufalitsa chiphunzitso chake sikuchita kalikonse koma kusonkhezera anthu omwe ayenera kulowetsa mfundo za ulamuliro wangwiro monga chikominisi. Chifukwa pansi pa maambulera a chikomyunizimu, anthu amalozera ku zabwino za chitukuko, kufanana ndi ubale zomwe sizikukwaniritsidwa ndi dongosolo lina lililonse.
El gulag likuwonekera mu chidziwitso cha Kumadzulo mu 1977 ndi kufalitsidwa kwa ntchito ya Alexander Solzhenitsyn Zilumba gulag. Kutengera maphunziro atsopano, ma memoirs omwe adasindikizidwa pambuyo pa kugwa kwa USSR ndi mafayilo ena achinsinsi mpaka pano, Anne Applebaum akumanganso mbiri yakale ya chiyambi ndi chisinthiko cha ndende zozunzirako anthu za Soviet zomwe zimabweretsanso gawo lomvetsa chisoni komanso losaiwalika pakati pa mbiri yamphepo yamkuntho. m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri. Ndi mwatsatanetsatane komanso mwatsatanetsatane timachitira umboni moyo watsiku ndi tsiku mumsasa: kudzicheka kuti tipewe ntchito yokakamiza, maukwati apakati pa akaidi, moyo wa amayi ndi ana, zigawenga ndi kuyesa kuthawa.
Bukuli, lolembedwa komanso lokhazikika, limatsimikizira kuti gulag Sizinabadwe kokha chifukwa chofuna kudzipatula zinthu zomwe Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu chinkawona kuti ndi adani, komanso kupeza, nthawi yomweyo, unyinji wa antchito akapolo omwe amagwira ntchito posinthanitsa ndi chakudya m'mapulojekiti akuluakulu monga White. Ngalande ya Nyanja kapena migodi kuchokera ku Kolyma. Pambuyo pofotokoza zoopsa zomwe boma la Soviet Union linakonza, bukuli likufotokoza mmene Gorbachev, yemwe banja lake linakhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi ndondomeko yopondereza imeneyi, anaganiza zothetsa ulamuliro wa ndendewu pomasula nzika ku imodzi mwa machitidwe opondereza opondereza komanso ankhanza kwambiri amene dziko ladziŵika nalo. .
The Twilight of Democracy: The Seduction of Authoritarianism
Kukhumudwa kumasokoneza dziko lapansi kuposa kale lonse. Chifukwa kuwonjezera pa lingaliro lomvetsa chisoni la mtsogolo, chilichonse chimakonzekera kutipangitsa kukhala oipitsitsa m'malo athu. Kusaka pa intaneti ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti mogwirizana ndi dziko lomwe tikufuna kuwona… malo abwino oberekera kutengera malingaliro akale amtundu umodzi kapena umzake. Ndi nthawi yokumbatira chinachake; gwiritsitsani msomali woyaka umenewo umene umatipatsa kuwala kokhoza kutichititsa khungu ndi kumveka kwake. Malingana ngati mutadzilola nokha kupita, kuyika pambali malingaliro otsutsa pang'ono, mutha kudzipereka nokha pazifukwa zosayembekezereka.
Ma demokalase omasuka akumadzulo akuzunguliridwa ndi kuwuka kwa ulamuliro wa authoritarianism Ndi nkhani yomwe iyenera kutikhudza tonsefe. Mu Twilight of Democracy, Anne Applebaum -mphoto ya pulitzer ndi mmodzi wa olemba mbiri oyambirira kuchenjeza za zizolowezi zowopsa wopanda demokalase kumadzulo - momveka bwino komanso momveka bwino amawulula misampha ya utundu ndi autocracy ndikufotokozera chifukwa chake machitidwe a ndale ndi mauthenga osavuta komanso okhwima amakhala okongola kwambiri.
ndi atsogoleri opondereza samayamba kulamulira okha, koma amatero mothandizidwa ndi abwenzi awo andale, gulu lankhondo la akuluakulu aboma komanso ma TV omwe amawatsegulira njira ndikuthandizira ntchito yawo. Kuphatikiza apo, maphwando adziko ndi aulamuliro omwe akhala akukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi maulamuliro a demokalase amapereka ziyembekezo zomwe zimapindulitsa okhawo omwe amawatsatira, zomwe zimawatheketsa kukwera pamwamba pachuma ndi mphamvu zomwe sizingafanane nazo.
Kutsatira mapazi a Julien benda y Hannah Arendt, Applebaum ikuwonetsa otsutsa atsopano a malingaliro opanda pake ochokera padziko lonse lapansi ndipo amadzudzula momwe olamulira atsopanowa amagwiritsira ntchito Malingaliro achiwembuLa polarization ndale, kufika kochititsa mantha kwa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, komanso kumverera kwachikhumbo chofuna kuwononga chirichonse ndikutanthauziranso lingaliro lathu la fuko.
Mademokalase amakono akumadzulo akuzunguliridwa ndipo kukwera kwa ulamuliro waulamuliro ndi nkhani yomwe iyenera kutikhudza tonsefe. Yambirani Kutsika kwa demokalase, Anne Applebaum (Wopambana Mphotho ya Pulitzer komanso m'modzi mwa akatswiri a mbiri yakale kuchenjeza za zizolowezi zowopsa zotsutsana ndi demokalase ku West) momveka bwino komanso momveka bwino amawulula misampha yautundu ndi ulamuliro wa autocracy. M'nkhani yodabwitsayi, akufotokoza chifukwa chake machitidwe omwe ali ndi mauthenga osavuta komanso omveka amakhala okongola kwambiri.
Atsogoleri opondereza samabwera paokha; Amachita zimenezi mothandizidwa ndi ogwirizana nawo pazandale, magulu ankhondo a akuluakulu aboma ndi mawailesi owulutsa mawu omwe amawatsegulira njira ndi kuchirikiza ntchito zawo. Momwemonso, maphwando adziko ndi aulamuliro omwe akhala akupeza zofunikira mu demokalase yamakono amapereka malingaliro omwe amapindulitsa okhawo omwe amawatsatira, kuwalola kuti afikire milingo yosayerekezeka ya chuma ndi mphamvu.
Potsatira m'mapazi a Julien Benda ndi Hannah Arendt, Applebaum ikuwonetsa omenyera atsopano amalingaliro olakwika ndikudzudzula momwe akuluakulu aulamulirowa amagwiritsira ntchito malingaliro achiwembu, kusamvana kwa ndale, kufika koopsa kwa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti komanso ngakhale kumverera kwachikhumbo. nkhani yathu ya dziko.
Kuwerenga kolembedwa mwaluso, komanso mwachangu komanso kofunikira, Kutsika kwa demokalase ndikusanthula mwatsatanetsatane za chivomezi chomwe chikugwedeza dziko lapansi komanso chitetezo champhamvu cha demokalase.
The Iron Curtain: The Destruction of Eastern Europe 1944-1956
Tonsefe timamva kuti a Kumadzulo akhala akudyetsa chilombo pansi pa lingaliro lakuti sichikanatha kudziyesa kutidya ife mu chikhalidwe chake cha Monster. Masiku ano a Putin amadzutsa mizukwa yakale yankhondo zozizira zomwe zilinso ndi milingo yawo yolimbana ndi manja. Ndipo chilombocho chikufuna zonse. Putin ali wokonzeka kuchita chilichonse, ngakhale kusuntha nsalu yotchinga mpaka itaphimba ku Ulaya konse. Kuchokera ku ufawo matope awa. Tiyeni tiyang'ane pa zomwe tikuyenera kukhala nazo lero ndi Russia iyi yolamulidwa ndi olowa m'malo a USSR.
Kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yadziko II, Soviet Union inkalamulira mbali yaikulu ya Kum’maŵa kwa Yuropu. Stalin ndi apolisi ake achinsinsi adayamba kutembenuza mayiko khumi ndi awiri osiyana kwambiri kukhala dongosolo latsopano la ndale ndi makhalidwe abwino: chikominisi.
Wolemba mbiri Anne Applebaum (yemwe anapambana Mphotho ya Pulitzer ya Gulag) akupereka m’masamba ameneŵa ntchito yotsimikizirika ya mmene Iron Curtain inakhalira ndi mmene moyo unalili mbali ina. Applebaum akufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane mwatsatanetsatane momwe maphwando a ndale, Tchalitchi, atolankhani, mabungwe a achinyamata, mwachidule, mabungwe onse a anthu, adaphwanyidwa mofulumira. Limafotokoza mmene apolisi achinsinsi analinganizidwira ndi mmene mitundu yonse ya zitsutso inaukiridwira ndi kuwonongedwa. Motero, m’nthaŵi yochepa modabwitsa, Kum’maŵa kwa Yuropu kunakhazikika kotheratu. Kuchokera pamakalata omwe sanapezeke mpaka posachedwapa ndi magwero osadziwika kumadzulo, Applebaum amatsatira njira za chikomyunizimu panjira yawo yopita ku mphamvu, kuopseza, kuzunza ndi kupha. Ikufotokozanso nkhani zapayekha kuti ziwonetse zosankha zomwe zidaperekedwa kwa anthu: ndewu, kuthawa kapena kugwirizana.
The Iron Curtain ndi nkhani yodabwitsa ya nthawi yankhanza komanso chikumbutso chodetsa nkhawa cha momwe madera aulere ali osalimba. Masiku ano Soviet bloc ndi chitukuko chotayika, chomwe nkhanza zake, paranoia, makhalidwe opotoka ndi zokongola zachilendo zimatha kutenga Applebaun m'masamba ochititsa chidwi a bukhuli.
