Kunabameli abaphendukela ezincwadini eziqanjiwe ezifana John Grisham nabanye abameli bathanda UPhilippe Sands eziveza iqiniso ngokuzibophezela okufakwe ezindabeni nakwezinye izincwadi ezingezona izinganekwane. Isebenza ngokuxutshwa namazwibela e-autobiographical kanye nemibhalo yalelo qiniso elihlukile elingena ngaphansi kweqiniso ngokwalo, etafuleni lamanzi mayelana nalokho okuvame ukwaziwa.
Ngoba ekusebenzeni imvunulo ye Izihlabathi iye yakwazi ukusondela kwezombusazwe ezixakile kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Ngisho nephuzu lapho ukwenza okuthile okusha kusilela khona futhi kuyadingeka ukuthi indaba isondele eqinisweni elenza ubulungiswa ngokwazi okwengeziwe okungaziwa izakhamuzi ezivamile.
Kuyahlekisa ukuthi ngisanda kukhumbula Ben Pastor futhi namuhla nguSands oza kule bhulogi, kodwa ama-synergies e-thematic anjalo, into eyodwa ikukhumbuza enye. Uma nge Ben Pastor singena kwi-Third Reich sisuka ezinganekwaneni ezihehayo, NgeSands sizulazula emahhovisi ezindawo eziphakeme zaseJalimane lamaNazi kunoma iyiphi enye indawo yokwenza izinqumo emhlabeni. Ngoba bekukhona futhi kukhona lapho amanga angcwele kakhulu anyakazisa umhlaba akalwa, alinganiswe futhi athengiswe.
Izincwadi eziphezulu ezinconywe ngu-Philippe Sands
Indlela yokuphunyuka
Noma yikuphi ukuphila okumbaxa-mbili kuwubuhlanya ukuhola. Ngoba i-bipolarity ibonakala imbi kakhulu kunesimo sengqondo esilula. Ungubani wena owesilisa noma owesifazane ongathembekile noma umbhangqwana oyisibonelo? Siyini isikhumba sakho, umuntu onomusa noma umbulali we-serial? Futhi angikutsheli ukuthi kufanele kube njani, uhudula izinyawo zakho kumata ukuze ungene egumbini ngalinye ngenkathi ulinde umlotha we-fascism yakho ukuthi unamathele kulowo mdweshu omncane ngaphansi kwezinyawo zakho ...
NgoJulayi 1949, indoda eyayinesifo esibi kakhulu sesibindi yangeniswa esibhedlela saseRome. Ilethwe khona yizindela futhi ibhaliswe ngaphansi kwegama elithi Reinhardt, okuvele ukuthi liyi-fake. Uvakashelwa umbhishobhi, udokotela kanye nentokazi yasePrussia. Isiguli sigcina ngokushona futhi intokazi yasePrussia ithumela incwadi emndenini. Igama langempela lesiguli esingaqondakali u-Otto Wächter, futhi incwadi evela kunkosikazi wasePrussia izofinyelela kumkakhe, uCharlotte, bese idlulisela ezinganeni zabo. Ngomncane kubo, uHorst, atholakala uPhilippe Sands, futhi lapho emvakashela esigodlweni ahlala kuso esicishe sibe ngasese, umtshela ukuthi "akulona iqiniso ukuthi ubaba ushone ngenxa yokugula."
Liyini-ke iqiniso? Futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke: ngubani uReinhardt mbumbulu owayebizwa ngo-Otto Wächter? Ngenqubo yophenyo efana naleyo esetshenziswe encwadini yakhe yangaphambilini, ushayelwe ihlombe kakhulu East-West Street, USands uvuselela impilo yalo muntu owafundela umthetho eVienna, washiya idolobha waya eBerlin, wabuya njengomphathi wamaNazi futhi wasusa oprofesa abangamaJuda ayenabo enyuvesi ezikhundleni zabo. Kamuva wathunyelwa eKrakow, futhi lapho isignesha yakhe yagxivizwa emibhalweni eyaholela ekufeni kwezinkulungwane zabantu, ikakhulukazi amaJuda. Futhi kungani kwagcina kuseRoma? Ubekhona lapho eya eNingizimu Melika, ebalekela i-incognito, evikelwe elinye ilungu leVatican ...
Ngokulandisa okulandisayo kwenoveli yezinhloli eshesha kakhulu, uSands uhlola izisusa eziholela owesilisa ekwenzeni izenzo ezinyantisayo futhi akhe kabusha isikhathi esidlule saseYurophu esinezinkathazo kanye nomlando womndeni ophawulwe izono zikababa ... Okumangalisayo futhi kubalulekile. incwadi .
I-East-West Street
I-axis esempumalanga nentshonalanga yedolobha laseBerlin ingaphezulu kakhulu kokuma kwezwe. Eqinisweni ukwehlukana okuchazwe ngendlela engaqondakali endaweni yephuzu lapho impumalanga iqala khona noma lapho intshonalanga iqala khona inquma ingxenye embi kakhulu yomlando weYurophu yonke ...
Mhlawumbe hhayi kangako ophawulweni lwala maphuzu awukhadinali ikakhulukazi e-Berlin, kodwa kusukela kuphawu le ndaba ehlengiwe izalwa njenge-intrahistory ehlakaniphile engalokothi ibe yiqiniso futhi iphazamise.
Imicu emibili ilukwe emakhasini ale ncwadi eyingqayizivele: ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlenga indaba kamkhulu ongumama wombhali ohambweni lwakhe lokuyonikeza inkulumo edolobheni laseLviv, elaliyiPolish futhi okwamanje liyingxenye ye-Ukraine. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izigigaba zabameli ababili abangamaJuda nommangalelwa ongumJalimane ecaleni laseNuremberg, okuphila kwakhe nakho kuhlangana kulelo dolobha elihlaselwe amaNazi. AmaJuda amabili afunda lapho futhi asindisa izimpilo zawo ngoba athutha ngesikhathi - omunye waya eNgilandi, omunye waya e-United States - futhi ummangalelwa - naye owayengummeli ohlakaniphile kanye nomeluleki wezomthetho kaHitler - wayengumbusi ngesikhathi sombuso.
Ngakho-ke, ngokusekelwe ekuxhumaneni okucashile phakathi kwalaba balingiswa abane - umkhulu, abameli ababili abangamaJuda ababebambe iqhaza eNuremberg, oyedwa nethimba labameli baseBrithani omunye nabaseMelika, kanye namaNazi, indoda eyisifundiswa eyagcina imukele ubuqaba- , okwedlule kuyavela, i-Shoah, Umlando onamagama amakhulu kanye nezindaba ezincane ezijulile. Futhi ebhekene ukwesaba kuphakama ukomela ubulungisa - umzabalazo abameli ababili ukwethula ecaleni umqondo "amacala esintwini" - kanye nentando ukuqonda okwenzeka, okuholela umbhali ukuhlangana nendodana yesigebengu amaNazi.
Umphumela: incwadi ebonisa ukuthi akuzona zonke izinto ezashiwo ngeMpi Yezwe II nokuqothulwa kohlanga; incwadi ngasikhathi sinye engumbhalo omuhle wombhalo onemibhalo yabaseshi neyokwahlulela, i-akhawunti evelele yomlando mayelana nokuQothulwa Kwesizwe kanye nemibono yamadoda alwela umhlaba ongcono nokuzindla ngobuqaba, icala nesifiso soBulungiswa. Akuvamile ukuba kuthethelelwe ukusebenzisa ukufaneleka kokubalulekile emsebenzini.
Ikoloni lokugcina
I-Colonization ixhunywe nezifiso ezingalindelekile kakhulu. Futhi izindlela zemibuso ehlukene noma amazwe azihlangene nokubusa kwamakoloni. Kusukela ekuhlanganisweni kwamaRoma noma iSpanishi ukuqondisa ukuqhwagwa kweBrithani nomaphi lapho beya khona. Kulo mcimbi, ngale kwezinganekwane ezimnyama ezisatshalaliswe ngentshisekelo ngezinye izinqubo zamakholoni, lo mbhali oyiNgisi wembula udaba lokuduma mayelana nesigameko sokuhlukaniswa okuphelele kwezakhamuzi zasendaweni ekude ehlanganiswe nombuso wendlovukazi...
Ngo-April 27, 1973, uLiseby Elysé, ngaleso sikhathi owayeneminyaka engamashumi amabili nezinyanga ezine ekhulelwe, wagibela umkhumbi eshiya isiqhingi esincane sasePeros Banhos, e-Chagos Archipelago, e-Indian Ocean. Babehamba naye zonke ezinye izakhamuzi zendawo, ezazizothuthelwa esiqhingini saseMauritius. Okuhlukile kwaba ukuhlala futhi ulambe. Incazelo yalokhu kufuduka ngenkani ilele eMpini Yomshoshaphansi. Ngezizathu zamasu, eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha abaseMelika banquma ukufaka isizinda samasosha eziqhingini, ikakhulukazi esiqhingini sase-Diego GarcÃa, futhi babengafuni abantu bomdabu eziqhingini eziseduze. AmaNgisi ayeyinikile le ndawo, ngoba yayiyimpahla yawo yamakoloni kwathi ngo-1965 ayihlukanisa neMauritius ayenza indawo eyayibizwa ngokuthi yiBritish Indian Ocean Territory.
Ngakho-ke, lapho iMauritius ithola inkululeko ngo-1968, yakwenza lokho ngaphandle kwalelo qoqo leziqhingi, yase iqala ukumangalela enkantolo ukuze izame ukuyibuyisela. Ngo-2018 leli cala lafinyelela eNkantolo Yamazwe Ngamazwe eThe Hague. U-Philippe Sands wayehilelekile kulelo cala njengommeli wommangali, futhi ubufakazi benkanyezi abethula kwakungobukaLiseby Elysé, owatshela inkantolo ngenhlekelele yakhe siqu.
Lena indaba eyaziwa kancane le ncwadi emangalisayo eyitshela ngekoloni lokugcina. Incwadi emayelana namahlazo esikhathi esidlule kanye nenani labantu bomdabu elikhishwe ezweni lakubo futhi ladingiselwa kwenye indawo ngenxa ye-geostrategy. Incwadi emayelana nekoloniyalizim kanye namafa ayo, kodwa futhi ngezindaba ezincane ezicashe ngemuva komlando ngosonhlamvukazi. Ngemva kwemisebenzi yakhe emibili eyisisekelo yobuNazi - i-East-West Street kanye ne-Escape Route -, u-Philippe Sands usinikeza enye isiqephu se-anthology, esixuba kahle ukulandisa, i-eseyi, amaqiniso omlando nezinhlekelele zomuntu siqu.
