Ababhali be-French abahamba phambili abayi-10

Iqiniso liwukuthi ukulandisa kwesiFulentshi kulawula ababalisi abaningi abakhulu nababalisi bomhlaba. Kusukela izolo nanamuhla. Naphezu kokuba endaweni yesikhombisa noma yesishiyagalombili phakathi kwezilimi ezikhulunywa kakhulu emhlabeni, ukuthintwa kolimi lwesiFulentshi bekulokhu kubamba abafundi abaningi. Kodwa akukho okungaba yilezi zincwadi zesiFulentshi ngaphandle kwababhali bazo abakhulu. Kusukela Víctor Hugo o Alexander dumas up Houellebecq, ababhali abaningi baseFrance banikeza izincwadi ezivele zikhona emhlabeni wonke.

Kuyiqiniso ukuthi ekukhethweni kwami ​​kwe ababhali abangcono kakhulu bezwe ngalinye Ngivame ukugxila ekhulwini lama-XNUMX nelama-XNUMX, ikakhulukazi ngihlenga umbhali othile wekhulu le-XNUMX. Imayelana nokukhetha endaweni yokubuka esondelene kakhulu nezilimi, kunjalo. Kodwa into ewukuthi, uma sithola ama-purists, yisiphi isazi esingaba nesibindi sokukhomba uJules Verne njengongcono kuno-Proust futhi ngokusekelwe kulokho ...?

Ngakho-ke, uma kusukela ezingeni elisemthethweni noma lezemfundo kungenakwenzeka ukumaka lokho okungcono kakhulu, kufanele sibe abalandeli abalula abazivezayo ukuze sikhombise ngereferensi yokuthanda komuntu siqu. Nakhu ngishiya okwami. Ukukhetha ukuthi yini kimi abayishumi abahamba phambili nababhali abahamba phambili eFrance.

Ababhali abaphezulu abayi-10 abanconyiwe baseFrance

Alexander Dumas. i-adventure ebalulekile

Kimina, umfundi ojwayelekile wezincwadi zamanje, noma yimuphi umbhali wesikhathi esidlule uqala ngobubi. Ngaphandle kwendaba ka-Alexandre Dumas. I-Count yakhe yase-Monte Cristo iqhathaniswa ne-Quixote kuphela ukuthi, ngaphezu kwalokho, isizinda sakhe esimnyama esimayelana nokuziphindiselela, amashwa, usizi, ukudalelwa kanye nanoma yisiphi esinye isici esikhomba ku-epic kusuka ezicini ezihlukene njengoba uhambo lwenza uhambo lwempilo lufinyelele ezicini zobuntu obukhulu. ukujula.

Kodwa ukuthi, ngaphezu kwalokhu okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla kunomunye umsebenzi obalulekile. Konke kuvele esibhakeleni, encwadini nasesibalweni salo mbhali wendalo yonke. Alexander dumas basungula i-Count of Monte Cristo kanye nama-musketeers ama-3. Le misebenzi emibili, nokuthi kamuva kwenzeka kangakanani ngalaba balingisi, ibeka uDumas phezulu kubadali bemibhalo. Vele, njengoba kwenzeka njalo, umsebenzi ka-Alexander Dumas inaba kakhulu, inezincwadi ezingaphezu kwezingama-60 ezishicilelwe zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Inoveli, imidlalo yaseshashalazini noma i-eseyi, akukho okuphunyukile epeni lakhe.

IYurophu maphakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye leminyaka yahlukaniswa ngokuphelele ngezigaba, esevele imakwe ngqo ngumnotho ongaphezu kweziqu, okhokho kanye nohlaka oluthembele kuhlobo oluthile "lobugqila." Ubugqila obusha kwaba inguquko enamandla yezimboni, umshini okhulayo. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo bekungavimbeki futhi ukungalingani kudume emadolobheni amakhulu angenisa izakhamizi eziningi ngokwengeziwe. UDumas wayengumbhali ozibophezele, wendaba elandelwayo, yeziza ezinempilo kakhulu futhi ngenhloso yokusabalalisa okuhle nokubi, kepha njalo ngephuzu lokugxekwa.

Ikesi elinolunye lwezinhlelo zakamuva ze-"The Count of Monte Cristo":

UJulio Verne. kakhulu kunephupho

Ukuzidela kanye nenganekwane okuhambisana nomhlaba osonqenqemeni lwesimanje njengoshintsho oluyinqaba ngemva kokungafihli kahle, izinganekwane ezindala nezinkolelo ezihambisana kancane kancane nomhlaba ozayo. U-Jules Verne ungumlandisi ohamba phambili wokushintsha kwesikhathi embonweni omangalisayo osebenza njengesingathekiso ne-hyperbole.

Jules Verne kwavela njengomunye wabanduleli bohlobo lwenganekwane yesayensi. Ngaphandle kwezinkondlo zakhe nokungena kwakhe emdlalweni weshashalazi, isibalo sakhe senza indlela yakhe futhi weqa kuze kube namuhla ohlangothini lwalowo obalisayo ebheke emikhawulweni yomhlaba owaziwayo nemikhawulo yomuntu. Izincwadi njengokuzijabulisa nokoma kolwazi.

Esimeni sekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye lokuphila kwalo mbhali, umhlaba uhambe ngomqondo oshukumisayo wesimanjemanje ofinyelelwe ngenxa ye Ukuvuselelwa Kwezimboni. Imishini nemishini eyengeziwe, izinto ezisungulwe ngomshini ezikwazi ukwehlisa umsebenzi nokuhamba ngokushesha zisuka kwenye indawo ziye kwenye, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye umhlaba ubusenecala lawo elimnyama, elingaziwa ngokuphelele yisayensi. Kuleyo ndawo engekho-muntu kwakukhona isikhala esikhulu se Ukudalwa kwemibhalo kaJules Verne. Umoya wokuhamba nomphefumulo ongahlaliseki, uJules Verne wayeyisethenjwa sokuthi kuningi okwakusamele kwaziwe.

Sonke sifunde okuthile nguJules Verne, kusukela esemncane kakhulu noma kakade eminyakeni. Lo mbhali uhlala enephuzu elisikiselayo lanoma iyiphi iminyaka namatimu akho konke okuthandayo.

UVictor Hugo. i-epic yomphefumulo

Umbhali othanda UVictor Hugo uba yisethenjwa esiyisisekelo ukubona umhlaba ngaphansi kwaleyo prism yothando ejwayelekile yesikhathi sakhe. Umbono womhlaba owadlula phakathi kwe-esoteric nesimanjemanje, isikhathi lapho imishini ikhiqiza ingcebo yezimboni nosizi emadolobheni aminyene. Isikhathi lapho kulawo madolobha afanayo kuhlalisana ubukhazikhazi bonxiwankulu abasha kanye nobumnyama besigaba sabasebenzi okwahlelwa yimibuthano ethile ngomzamo oqhubekayo wokuguqula umphakathi.

Uqhathanisa lokho UVictor Hugo wayazi ukuthi angabamba kanjani emsebenzini wakhe wokubhala. Amanoveli azibophezele emibonweni, anenjongo yokuguqula ngandlela thize nesakhiwo esiphilayo, esimnandi kakhulu. Izindaba ezisafundwa nanamuhla ngokuthakaselwa kweqiniso ngesakhiwo sazo esiyinkimbinkimbi nesiphelele. I-Les Miserables bekuleyo noveli ephambili, kepha kuningi okungatholakala kulo mbhali.

UMarcel Proust. Ifilosofi yenza impikiswano

Isipho esimakwe kakhulu kwesinye isikhathi sibonakala sidinga ibhalansi enxephezelayo. Marcel Proust wayenokuningi kokudala azalwe nakho, kepha ngokungafani wakhula eyingane enempilo ebuthakathaka. Noma mhlawumbe bekungenxa yohlelo olufanayo. Ukusuka ebuthakathakeni, ukuzwela okukhethekile kuyatholakala, umbono onqenqemeni lwempilo, ithuba elingenakuqhathaniswa lokugxila kwisipho sokudala maqondana nezinkinga zempilo. khona.

Ngoba kusuka ebuthakathakeni kungazalwa ukuhlubuka kuphela, isifiso sokudlulisa ukunganeliseki nokungabi nathemba. Imibhalo, ukuzalwa kwemiphefumulo okumiselwe inhlekelele, ukubekwa phansi kwabalahlekile nokukhonjiswa ngokungangabazeki ukuthi singobani ngempela. Esikhathini soguquko phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX kanye nelama-XNUMX, uProust wayazi kangcono kunanoma ngubani ukuthi angakuhlobanisa kanjani nokwakheka kokuphila, ezinikele ezifisweni zobusha bakhe zokuziqoqa lapho esekhulile.

Abathandi bakaProust bathola ngobuciko bakhe obukhulu "Ukufuna isikhathi esilahlekile" intokozo enkulu yokubhala, futhi amanye amavolumu enza lula ukusondela kulo mtapo wezincwadi omuhle ongaba khona ngezimo:

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubunzima obukhulu ekubhaleni izinganekwane ezikhona zikhona ekuqhumeni kweqiniso kwefilosofi. Ukugwema lo mandla we-centripetal oholela umbhali emithonjeni yomcabango futhi emisa abalingiswa nezilungiselelo, kudingeka iphuzu lokubaluleka, umnikelo wenganekwane noma isenzo esinika amandla (umcabango, ukuzindla nakho kungaba isenzo, kuze kube sezingeni lapho hambisa umfundi phakathi kwemizwa, phakathi kwemibono ngokulandelana okungakaze kube khona). Kuphela kulokho kubhalansi lapho uProust angakha khona umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu KuSesha Isikhathi Esilahlekile, leyo setha yamanoveli ahlanganiswe ngemicu emibili, ubumnandi noma ubuhlalu nokuzwa kokulahleka, kwenhlekelele.

Ekugcineni useshonile eneminyaka engama-49, kungenzeka ukuthi ukuthunywa kwakhe kulo mhlaba, uma leli zwe linomsebenzi noma isiphetho, lizovalwa ngokusobala. Umsebenzi wakhe uyisiqongo sezincwadi.

UMarguerite Yourcenar. Ipeni eliguquguquka kakhulu

Bambalwa ababhali abaziwayo abenze igama-mbumbulu igama labo elisemthethweni, elingaphezu kakhulu kwesiko noma ukusetshenziswa okudumile okufeza injongo yokuthengisa, noma okubonisa ukufihla kombhali ukuze abe umuntu ohlukile. Uma kwenzeka kuba I-marguerite crayencour, ukusetshenziswa kwesibongo sakhe esine-anagramme kwatholakala, lapho eseba yisakhamuzi saseMelika ngo-1947, esesimweni esisemthethweni se-Youcenar evele isidume emhlabeni wonke.

Phakathi kwe-anecdotal kanye nesisekelo, leli qiniso likhomba uguquko olukhululekile phakathi komuntu nomlobi. Ngoba I-marguerite crayencour, enikelwe ezincwadini kukho konke ukubonakaliswa kwayo; umhloli wezinhlamvu ezivela emisuka yayo yakudala; kanye nekhono lakhe lobuhlakani elichichimayo ekuqondeni ukulandisa okulandisayo ngesimo nangengqikithi, wayehlala enyakaza ngentando eqinile nokuzibophezela kwemibhalo okungenakuhlehliswa njengendlela yokuphila nanjengomzila nobufakazi obuyisisekelo bomuntu emlandweni.

Ukuqeqeshwa kokubhaliwe okuzifundisayo, okujwayelekile kowesifazane osemusha wakhe waqondana neMpi Enkulu, ukukhathazeka kwakhe kwengqondo kwaphakanyiswa kumfanekiso kayise. Ngemvelaphi yayo yobukhosi, eyahlaselwa yingxabano yokuqala enkulu yaseYurophu, isibalo sikababa womlimi savumela lokho kunikwa amandla kowesifazane osemusha onesiphiwo.

Ezinsukwini zakhe zokuqala njengombhali (eneminyaka engamashumi amabili ubudala, wayeseyibhalile kakade inoveli yakhe yokuqala) wenza lo msebenzi wahambisana nokuhumusha ababhali abakhulu be-Anglo-Saxon abafana nowakhe olimini lwakhe lwesiFulentshi. Virginia Woolf o UHenry James.

Futhi iqiniso liwukuthi kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe waqhubeka nalo msebenzi okabili wokuthuthukisa indalo yakhe noma ukuhlenga isiFulentshi semisebenzi eyigugu kakhulu phakathi kwezincwadi zakudala zamaGreki nanoma yiziphi ezinye izinto ezidaliwe ezazimhlukumeza ohambweni lwakhe oluvamile.

I-Marguerite's oeuvre ibonwa njengesethi yemisebenzi enemininingwane eminingi, egcwele ukuhlakanipha ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi njengoba ikhanya. Amanoveli, izinkondlo noma izindaba zalo mbhali ongumFulentshi zihlanganisa uhlobo oluhle kakhulu nengqikithi ye-transcendental. Ukuqashelwa kwakho konke ukuzinikela kwakhe kweza nokuvela kwakhe njengowesifazane wokuqala ukungena e-French Academy, emuva ngo-1980. Nansi incwadi enamanye ama-eseyi akhe:

U-Annie Ernaux. i-bio fiction

Azikho izincwadi ezizinikele njengalezo ezidlulisa umbono we-autobiographical. Futhi akukhona nje mayelana nokudonsa izinkumbulo nolwazi ukuze kuqanjwe isakhiwo esisuka ezimeni ezimbi kakhulu okubhekwana nazo ezikhathini zomlando ezimnyama. Ku-Annie Ernaux, yonke into exoxwayo ithatha esinye isici ngokwenza isiqephu sibe ngokoqobo kumuntu wokuqala. Iqiniso eliseduze elichichima ubuqiniso. Izibalo zakhe zokubhala zithola incazelo enkulu futhi ukwakheka kokugcina kuwushintsho lwangempela lokuhlala kweminye imiphefumulo.

Futhi umphefumulo ka-Ernaux uphathelene nokuloba, ukuhlanganisa ubumsulwa, ukucwebezela, uthando kanye nokuhlaza, uhlobo lobuhlakani bemizwa ensizakalweni yazo zonke izinhlobo zezindaba, kusukela ekubukeni komuntu wokuqala kuye ekulingiseni kwempilo yansuku zonke egcina isifafaza sonke kunoma yikuphi izigcawu ezethulwa kithi.

Ngomthamo ongajwayelekile wokuhlangana okuphelele komuntu, u-Ernaux usitshela ngempilo yakhe nempilo yethu, uhlela izimo ezifana nemidlalo yaseshashalazini lapho sigcina sizibona sisesiteji siphindaphinda amazwibela ajwayelekile akhiwe imicabango kanye nokudonswa kwengqondo okunqunyiwe. ukucacisa ukuthi kwenzekani ngombhedo wokuthuthuka okuwubukhona obungasayina okufanayo IKundera.

Asitholanga encwadini yalo mbhali Umklomelo kaNobel Wezincwadi Ngo-2022 ukulandisa okuphoqwe yisenzo njengokusekela isakhiwo. Futhi nokho kuwumlingo ukubona ukuthi impilo iqhubekela phambili kanjani nalelo zwi elihamba kancane elixakile lezikhathi ukuze ekugcineni liphushelwe, ngokuhlukile okuxakile, ekudluleni kweminyaka okungajabulisi neze. Izincwadi zenza umlingo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi phakathi kokukhathazeka kwabantu okusondele kakhulu. Nansi enye yezincwadi zakhe ezaziwa kakhulu:

Uthando olumsulwa

UMichel Houellebecq. isiFulentshi bukowski

kusukela lapho UMichel Thomas, washicilela inoveli yakhe yokuqala enendlu yokushicilela ehlonishwayo kodwa evela kwabancane abahlonishwayo, usevele wadonsa umbono wakhe ongahlelekile, one-asidi nobucayi ukuze ashukumise unembeza noma i-viscera. Ngaleso simo sokulandisa-bellicose, bengingacabangi ukuthi kuzogcina kuvuleleke kubafundi bazo zonke izinhlobo. Ubunkimbinkimbi obungemuva kwesakhiwo bungagcina bumnandi kunoma yimuphi umfundi uma ifomu, iphakheji, ulimi oluqondile kakhulu luvumela ukufinyelela kulowo mkhakha wokuhlakanipha okwengeziwe. Okufanayo, ukwazi ukuthi uslayida kanjani phakathi kwesenzo esibukhoma, umthamo we-hemlock. Ekugcineni, uMichel wafafaza umsebenzi wakhe ngezincwadi eziyimpikiswano nezigxekwa kabuhlungu. Ngokungangabazeki, lokho kusho ukuthi ukulandisa kwakhe kuvusa futhi kushukumise umphefumulo ogxeka kakhulu kunoma yimuphi umfundi.

Y Michel Houellebecq ufinyelela lelo bhalansi cishe kukho konke azimisele ukukutshela. Ngesitayela se- Paul auster ukusabalalisa umcabango wakhe phakathi kwamanoveli amanje, inganekwane yesayensi noma ama-eseyi. Ukuqhathanisa njalo kuvusa ukungabaza. Futhi iqiniso liwukuthi ukulandisa kwamanje, kwesimanje, nokuhlola akulokothi kulandele izindlela ezifanayo phakathi kwabadali bayo be-avant-garde kakhulu. Kodwa kufanele uthembele kokuthile ukuze uthole ukubaluleka kombhali. Uma kimina u-Houellebecq distills essences of Auster ngezinye izikhathi, kuhle ukuthi ihlala kanjani...

Uhlangothi lwakhe lwezinganekwane zesayensi luyisici engisithanda kakhulu ngalo mbhali. Kanye ne UMargaret Atwood enikeza inoveli yakhe ethi The Maid i-dystopia ecebile ekhulisa unembeza, uMichel wenza okufanayo nesihloko sakhe sakamuva esithi "Ukungenzeka kwesiqhingi", enye yalezo zindaba okuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ithole inani enalo, lapho izikhathi zifika phambili emcabangweni. umdali owafinyelela umvuthwandaba kule noveli. Kokunye, kuningi ongakhetha kukho kokuthi “Michel de surname unpronounceable”, futhi nansi imibono yami ngakho… Nansi enye yezincwadi zakhe zakamuva:

Ukuqothulwa

Albert Camus. ubukhona njenge-adventure

Njengombhali omuhle wobukhona, mhlawumbe omele kakhulu lo mkhuba noma uhlobo, Albert Camus wayazi ukuthi kudingeka abhale kusenesikhathi. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi omunye wababhali ozame kakhulu ukusebenzisa inganekwane ukufinyelela umphefumulo ngomqondo wayo wokugcina, uvele njengombhali kwazise intsha iphusha lolo lwazi lobukhona. Ukuba khona njengaleyo ndawo eyihlane eyanda lapho umuntu eseyingane ishiywe dengwane.

Kulokhu kuqhathanisa okuzalwa nokuba mdala kufika ukuhlukaniswa kukaCamus, umuzwa wokuthi, uma usungaphandle kwepharadesi, umuntu uhlala ngokuzihlukanisa, ngokusola ukuthi iqiniso liyimbudane efihliwe njengezinkolelo, izinhloso nezisusa.

Kuzwakala kuyinhlekelele ngandlela-thile, futhi kunjalo. Ukuze i-Camus ibe khona ukungabaza yonke into, kuze kube seqophelweni lokungena ebuhlanya. Amanoveli akhe amathathu ashicilelwe (kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi washona eneminyaka engama-46) asinika amazwibela acacile ngokoqobo kwethu, ngabalingiswa abalahlekile kubo. Nokho kuyamangalisa ukuzithoba kuleso sintu sinqunu ngobuciko. Injabulo yeqiniso yemibhalo nengokwengqondo. Nansi enye yezinhlelo zakamuva ze-"The Foreigner":

Phesheya

UFred Vargas. I-noir enhle kakhulu

Ngokwami ​​ngikucabanga lokho lapho umbhali ethanda UFred Vargas uhlala ngokukhalipha okuphelele ohlotsheni lwabaseshi ngaphezu kokuthambekela okungaphezulu kokumnyama, kufanele kube ngoba usathanda ukuthuthukisa lobo buciko bencwadi yamaseshi kuphela, lapho ukufa nobugebengu kubhekwa njengempicabadala kanye necebo elenzeka maqondana nokutholakala kombulali, kuyinselelo ehlongozelwe umfundi.

Uma le hook isiyinhle ngokwanele, asikho isidingo sokuphendukela kwezinye izesekeli ezikhazimulayo noma okususelwa ku-amoral okusabalele kuzo zonke izigaba zomphakathi. Ngalokhu angideli kumanoveli obugebengu (okuphambene impela, njengoba kungenye yezinhlobo zami zomculo engizikhonzile), kodwa ngigcizelela amandla amahle okumangaza Connan doyle o Agatha Christie lapho kubonakala sengathi yonke into ibhaliwe kuleyo ndawo.

Kuyiqiniso ukuthi ukuthinta kwenganekwane noma okumangalisayo okuzungeze isiqephu kunganikeza intelezi ekhethekile ngenkathi kuphushela umfundi ezimeni lapho uphenyo luthinta khona izici ze-esoteric, kodwa lapho kulele khona. UFred Vargas ikhono ukuvumelanisa yonke into ngobuhlakani obunengqondo a la Sherlock Holmes.

Ngakho-ke konke ukwazisa kwami ​​ngombhali wegama lomgunyathi likaFred Vargas nokuzimisela kwakhe ukubhala amaphoyisa amsulwa ngokukhumbula izimfihlakalo zasendulo ezifakwe ezincwadini zakhe ezimbalwa. Yize kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi uzibuthe okhungathekisayo wohlobo lwe-noir uhlala ugcina ucwilisa ezinye izigcawu ...

Ngihlenga incwadi eyingqayizivele ka-Fred Vargas nomqaphi wayo u-Adamsberg njengomlingiswa oyinhloko ezimeni ezihlukene:

Seine ageleza

UJean-Paul Sartre. Ubuhlakani obusishuliwe

Umbono ozibophezele kakhulu kumuntu, futhi uqhutshekiselwa emiphumeleni yawo yokugcina, uhlala ubheke kwesobunxele, kwezenhlalo, ekuvikeleni umbuso kuzakhamizi nasekulweni ngokweqile kwemakethe, ekhululwe kubo bonke ubudlelwano, njalo egcina imingcele ukufinyelela engcebweni (Ukube imakethe ibingavunyelwa yonke into, ibizogcina izenzele phansi, lokho kucacile enkambisweni yamanje).

Ukuba ngumcabango ongcono ngalo mqondo nokuba yisidalwa ngenxa yokukholelwa kwefilosofi kwamholela UJean Paul Sartre (nanoma ngabe ngubani umkakhe USimone de Beauvior), ezincwadini ezicishe zibe yingozi njengomsebenzi wokuqwashisa nakwezinye izinhlobo zezincomo ezilandisayo ezinjengendatshana ezame ukunxephezela ukuguga komuntu olwa nemidondoshiya ngamandla, isibindi nobungqabavu. Ubukhona emibhalweni eqinile nangokuzibophezela nokubhikisha kunoma iyiphi enye indawo yokubhala phakathi kwenhlalo nefilosofi.

Ukuba futhi akulutho mhlawumbe olwakho umsebenzi ogqame kakhudlwana, we-tinge yefilosofi kepha onendaba yomphakathi yaseYurophu yacekelwa phansi ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Incwadi ebalulekile yi-genius Sartre ekhulise ongqondongqondo kodwa futhi ne-literati. Indlela yokudlulisa umhlaba (noma okwakusele kuyo), eyayisebenza njengesifundo se-anthropological kepha futhi yaba ngumthombo we-akhawunti esondelene yemilando eminingi futhi eminingi kakhulu yabaphumeleli bempi (okungukuthi, yabo bonke )

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