Ababhali abangu-10 abahamba phambili baseSpain

Siqala kule bhulogi ngokukhethwa kwe ababhali abahamba phambili baseMelika futhi siwela i-charo futhi ukuze sigxile manje kubabhali abahamba phambili baseSpain. Njengenjwayelo nginxusa umusa wabahloniphekile ukuthi bacabange ukuthi yonke into incike. Okwethu ukukhetha okubalulekile kwababhali beSpanishi kungase kube kwabanye abafundi uhlu olulula lwababhali olunokujula okukhulu noma okuncane ku-panorama yemibhalo engasuka Cervantes kuze kube yi-boom yokugcina yamanje.

Konke kuyindaba yokungena okhethweni lapho kuyohlale kunezinkomba ezinhle ngaphandle kwabayishumi abahamba phambili. Ngakho ungabi nesibindi ngokusekelwe kulokho okuthandwa nguwe. Sonke siye sabheka izincwadi ezivela ezinhlakeni ezisemthethweni njengesifundo sokufundisa ngesikhathi esifanayo sihlasela imitapo yolwazi ngendlela ethuthukisiwe. Futhi ngokweqiniso, inketho yesibili ipholile kakhulu. Ngoba sekuvele kwaziwa ukuthi umbhali oyintandokazi noma incwadi ifika kungalindelekile, ithuthuke noma ilandele izincomo.

Kulula ukuthakasela umsebenzi othile ngoba umngane wethu uye wasitusa wona kunokuba ubuhle bosuku badunyiswa ekilasini elikude lesikole semfundo ephakeme, lapho mhlawumbe kwakungesona isikhathi sokufundela izincwadi. Ukukhohlisa noma uJosé Luis Sampedro. Umdwebo ungasikhanga ngaso leso sikhathi ngalokho kuthakasela Stendhal. Izincwadi zidinga uphenyo olwengeziwe. Mhlawumbe alikho emakhasini okuqala noma mhlawumbe alikho ngesikhathi esingcono kakhulu... Iphuzu liwukufunda nokufunda kabusha ukuze uthole ukuthi ubuhle bokubhaliwe bungafinyelela kithi lapho izingoma ezithile ziqondana. Ake siye lapho nakho konke okuncane

Ababhali abaphambili abayi-10 baseSpain

Jose Luis Sampedro. Umlingo wokuthinta umphefumulo

Ushone ngo-2013 ngefa lombhalo elidlulela ngalé kwanoma yimuphi umqondo oxoxwayo phakathi kwenganekwane kanye nenganekwane. Lapho lo mbhali omkhulu esehambile, akekho ozokwazi ukwazi ukuthi ufinyelele kuliphi iphuzu kulokho kuhlakanipha okudlulele akubonisa kunoma iyiphi ingxoxo noma ingxoxo, futhi lokho kwakufakwe kangcono kakhulu ezincwadini eziningi kangaka.

Okubalulekile manje ukwamukela ubufakazi, ukuthatha umsebenzi ongenakonakala ngokuzibophezela kwabo ekubeni khona, ukukhipha okungcono komphefumulo womuntu ezweni elingcono. UJose Luis Sampedro Wayengaphezu kombhali, wayeyisibani sokuziphatha ukuthi ngenxa yefa lakhe singalulama nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.

Ukuphinda uvakashele umsebenzi wakhe ukucabanga ngabalingiswa bakhe, ukufuna nokuthola okungcono kunakho konke kwakho, ukuzinikela ebufakazini bokuthi amagama angaphilisa ngaphezu kokuzikhukhumeza, isibindi kanye nomsindo lolu limi olubekwe kulo namuhla.

Inoveli yakhe ethi "The Old Mermaid" ivelele ngaphezu kwakho konke, ubuciko bobuciko okufanele wonke umuntu afunde okungenani kanye ekuphileni kwabo, njengoba besho izinto ezibalulekile. Umlingiswa ngamunye, kuqalwa ngowesifazane obeka inoveli endaweni eyodwa futhi oqhubeka nokubizwa ngamagama ahlukahlukene (asihlale noGlauka), udlulisa ubuhlakani baphakade bomuntu obengaphila izimpilo eziningi. Ukufundwa kwentsha, njengoba kwakunjalo ekufundeni kwami ​​kokuqala, kukunikeza i-prism ehlukile, uhlobo lokuphaphama kokuthile okungaphezu kokulula (kanye nokuphikisana nokuvutha) kwaleyo nkathi ngaphambi kokuvuthwa.

Ukufundwa kwesibili eminyakeni yobudala ikudlulisela isifiso esihle, esimnandi, nesithinta inhliziyo, ngalokho owawuyikho nokuthi yini oshiye ukuyiphila. Kubukeka kungajwayelekile ukuthi inoveli ezwakala njengomlando ingadlulisa into enjengale, akunjalo? Akungabazeki ukuthi ukubekwa kwe-Alexandria enhle ngekhulu lesithathu yilokho, indawo enhle lapho uthola khona ukuthi sibancane kangakanani namuhla abantu kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.

Angicabangi ukuthi ukhona umsebenzi ongcono wokuzwelana nabalingiswa bayo ngendlela ebalulekile, ekujuleni komphefumulo nesisu. Kunjengokungathi ungahlala emzimbeni nasengqondweni kaGlauka, noma uKrito ngokuhlakanipha kwakhe okungapheli, noma u-Ahram, ngokulinganisela kwamandla akhe nobubele. Kokunye, ngale kwabalingisi, ama-brushstroke anemininingwane yokuphuma kwelanga phezu kweMedithera, okucatshangwa kusukela embhoshongweni ophakeme, noma impilo yangaphakathi yedolobha namaphunga alo namaphunga akhona nakho kuyajatshulelwa ngokwedlulele.

I-mermaid endala

Arturo Perez Reverte. Kuchichima ngomzimba nangesimo

Elinye lamanani aphawuleka kakhulu ombhali, kimina, ukuguquguquka. Lapho umbhali ekwazi ukwenza izinhlobo ezihluke kakhulu zendalo, ubonisa ikhono lokuzidlula yena, isidingo sokufuna ama-horizons amasha kanye nokuzinikela kungqondongqondo bokudala, ngaphandle kokuqhubeka nesimo.

Sonke siyayazi imibhikisho yomphakathi ye- U-Arturo Pérez Reverte nge-XL Semanal noma kumanethiwekhi omphakathi futhi cishe akaze akushiye ungenandaba. Ngaphandle kokungabaza, le ndlela yokunganamatheli kulokho okusunguliwe isivele icacisa ukuthambekela kwakhe kokubhala ngenxa nje yakho, njengokuhweba okukhululekile, ngaphandle kokuphoqeleka kwezentengiselwano (yize ekugcineni ethengisa izincwadi ezinjengalezi kakhulu).

Uma sibuyela emuva ekuqaleni, sithola ukuthi i- amanoveli okuqala ka-Arturo Pérez Reverte base beyilindele imidlalo ewuchungechunge eyalandela abesibekele yona. Ngoba naphezu kwenhloso yayo yobuntatheli emsulwa yachichima ubukhazikhazi ngaphandle kokulahla imvelo yayo yomlando. Kwabe sekufika izinganekwane zakhe zomlando, amanoveli ayimfihlakalo, ama-eseyi amasha noma izinganekwane. Ingcweti ebalekile ayinayo imingcele yezinhlobo noma izitayela.

Ngethula kuwe udaba ngelinye lamahithi akhe akamuva amahle kakhulu:

I-Falco trilogy

UMiguel Delibes. Umlando we-intrahistorical

Ngesibalo se Miguel Delibes placeholder image Kwenzeka okuthile okuyingqayizivele kimi. Uhlobo lokufunda olubulalayo kanye nohlobo lokufunda kabusha okufika ngesikhathi kakhulu. Ngiqonde ukuthi... Ngifunde enye yezincwadi zakhe ezithathwa njengenoveli enkulu kunazo zonke «Amahora amahlanu noMario»Esikhungweni, ngaphansi kwelebula yokufunda okuyimpoqo. Futhi ngiliqedile impela kuze kube umqhele kaMario nabalilayo bakhe ...

Ngiyaqonda ukuthi ngingabizwa ngokungenangqondo ngokuchitha le noveli njengengabalulekile, kodwa izinto zenzeka njengoba zenzeka futhi ngaleso sikhathi ngangifunda izinto ezihluke kakhulu. Kodwa… (empilweni kuhlale kukhona kodwa abakwazi ukuguqula yonke into) isikhathi eside kamuva ngaba nesibindi no-El hereje futhi inhlanhla yokufunda kwami ​​​​kwashintsha ilebula ephawulwe lo mbhali ovelele.

Akukhona ukuthi inoveli eyodwa nenye iyacasula, kwakumayelana nezimo zami, ukukhetha kwamahhala kokufunda, izinsalela zemibhalo umuntu asevele aziqongelela phakathi neminyaka ..., noma ngokuqondile lokho, yeminyaka yokuphila. Angazi, izinto eziyinkulungwane.

Iphuzu liwukuthi okwesibili ngicabanga ukuthi ngakhuthazwa yi-Los Santos Inocentes futhi kamuva neminye imisebenzi eminingi yalo mbhali ofanayo. Kuze kube ekugcineni kucatshangelwa lokho emuva ngo-1920, lapho uDelibes ezalwa, mhlawumbe okuthile UPerez Galdos (ngoba mina ngithuthuke esibalweni sikaDelibes) owashona ngawo lowo nyaka, ubengaphinde azalwe kabusha kuye ukuze aqhubeke nokusithumelela lowo mbono weSpain yemibhalo, eyiqiniso kunawo wonke.

Nansi eminye yemisebenzi kaDelibes ezuza kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi:

Umgwaqo

Xavier Marias. Ukuhlanganisa kokulandisa

Isizinda semibhalo njengeqoqo lokufundwayo okungasungulwa kulo ubuciko obusezingeni eliphezulu. Ukufunda u-Javier Marías kwakusho idigri ye-masters ngesitayela sakhe esicolisisiwe kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ekwazi ukwenza iphutha elimangalisa kakhulu.

Noma ngabe uyamela noma uyaphikisana, bekumnandi ukuhlangana nomuntu osesidlangalaleni njengoJavier Marías ongasekho. Umbhali ongazivalanga ngemuva kweqiniso namandla akhe amaphakathi emcabangweni oyingqayizivele, njengombono oyindida we-libertarian. Kuphela (yebo, ngezwi lokugcizelela, faka i-RAE kulokhu) lesi sigaba sabantu esingahlubuka esikhundleni saso njengesibani sobuhlakani ukuze sihlanganise okuthile okuwusizo okuvela kulo mphakathi okhulumayo, ochemile, onokubukeka okumnyama.

Okuthile okufana no-Pérez Reverte, yebo. Kodwa ngokugxila ezincwadini eziqinile, uMarías uyindaba eyinkimbinkimbi, ehlobene kakhulu, enobubanzi obukhulu bobuhlakani kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo inyakaziswa emanzini adingekayo esakhiwo lapho yonke into yakha amagagasi avumelanayo ifuna ugu lapho izowuthatha umhlaba. . Ngomuzwa, endabeni kaJavier Marías, wokuthatha uhambo olujabulisayo phezu kokujula kwalasha noma ukumisa ihange ekufuneni yonke into ehamba ngezansi.

UBerta Isla

Dolores Redondo. I-Spanish noir boom

Kungase kuzwakale kucasula ukubeka umbhali wenoveli omnyama kule ndawo ngaphandle kokukhothama kuqala ku-Vázquez Montalbán noma ku-González Ledesma. Kodwa kulungile ukukuvuma lokho Dolores Redondo kunikeza uhlobo lwe-noir umbono othuthukiswe ama-nuances engizowubonisa manje. Akukho okuhlanganisa nalowo mdumo owadalwa kabusha phakathi kwezindawo ezingcolile ezazikwazi ukushabalala phakathi kwezombusazwe nanoma yimuphi omunye umkhakha wamandla osikhumbuza izikhathi eziseduze nababhali nokuthi abafundi bazo babezithanda kakhulu. Izincwadi zika-Vázquez Montalbán ziwumfanekiso weqiniso elifihliwe elenza izinwele zakho zimile, futhi abalingiswa bakhe bamangazwe ngamandla ezinto zabo ezimbi.

Dolores Redondo, njenganoma yimuphi umbhali wamanoveli amnyama, ugcina leyo ngxenye yomlingisi oyinhloko ehlushwa izimo zakhe zomuntu siqu. Alikho iqhawe le-noir elidlulayo ngokuba uhlobo olungenabala, noma icala, noma ukuhlupheka. Futhi futhi, emisebenzini ye Dolores Redondo, ngokuvamile kunezimo lapho ulandela isigebengu. Kodwa emanovelini alo mbhali iziqephu, ngokwamacala, ziyaphithana kakhulu, zivuse lelo lukuluku lokufuna ukwazi kumfundi.

Ngaphandle kokukhohlwa eminye imininingwane engangivele ngiyilindele ngaphambili. amanoveli we Dolores Redondo banemiphetho eminingi abangathuthukisa kuyo ukuqokwa kwabo njengomsebenzi wobunjiniyela bokulandisa. Amandla e-Telluric nezimfihlakalo ezifanayo, ubudlelwano obunoshevu obuvela ezimfihlakalweni obuvunywa kuphela kumfundi noma bushiywe bunokungabaza, ngesidingo sesakhiwo. Kufana nokuvela kwamanoveli obugebengu alungiselwe izikhathi zamanje zokufunwa okwengeziwe kwabafundi.

I-Baztán trilogy

UCarlos Ruiz Zafon. imfihlakalo emthanjeni

Ngokuhambisana nababhali bemfihlakalo abakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Futhi ebekwe phezu kwe-altare elifanayo njengezinkomba ezinhle zohlobo lwayo, udaba lukaRuiz Zafón alulibaleki ngekhono lakhe lokusihambisa esikhaleni esiphakathi kweqiniso nenganekwane sengathi uguquko luyinto efinyelelekayo ngempela. Umuzwa wezindaba ezinhle ezilahlekile nalo mbhali othakazelisayo...

Emuva ngo-2020 omunye wababhali abakhulu ngokwezinto nangesimo wasishiya. Umbhali owakholisa abagxeki futhi owazuza ukuqashelwa okufanayo okudumile okuhunyushwe kwabathengiswa kakhulu kuwo wonke amanoveli akhe. Mhlawumbe umbhali weSpanishi ofundeka kakhulu ngemva kwalokho Cervantes, mhlawumbe ngemvume ye UPerez Reverte.

UCarlos Ruiz Zafon, njengabanye abaningi, kakade wayesechithe iminyaka yakhe emihle yokuzikhandla kulo msebenzi wokwenza umhlatshelo ngaphambi kokuqhuma okuphelele Isithunzi somoya, umsebenzi wakhe wobuciko (ngombono wami nangombono ofanayo wabagxeki). URuiz Zafón wayekade efunda izincwadi zentsha, ngempumelelo ebekiwe enikezwe yona yilelo ilebula elingafanele lezincwadi ezincane zohlobo oluthile olwenzelwe izinjongo ezidumisa kakhulu. Akukho okungaphansi kokuguqula abafundi abasha abazithobayo kusukela besebancane (izincwadi zabantu abadala zigcina zizondla ngokwazo ngabafundi abafunda ukufundwa kwentsha cishe bengenaso isizathu sokufika lapho).

Kodwa kungenxa yokuthi ehlola iziphakamiso ezicatshangelwayo zokuqalisa abafundi, u-Zafón wagcina ezithwese umthwalo ngezimpikiswano ezinzima futhi wanweba umcabango wakhe wafinyelela ezindaweni ezingafinyeleleki kwabanye ababhali. Futhi ngakho waqala ukunqoba abafundi banoma yisiphi isimo. Egijima phezu kwethu sonke phakathi kwemidlalo yokukhanya nesithunzi samanoveli akhe amakhulu.

Edward Mendoza. ipeni elingahloniphiyo

Umbhali okwazile ukuguquka kusukela ekhulwini lama-XNUMX ukuya kwelama-XNUMX, njalo ewina abafundi abasha. Noma mhlawumbe kuyindaba yokuthi umsebenzi wakhe akazazi izikhathi futhi uvula nelebula lawo elingamanga lezinganekwane zomlando eziphethe okungaphezu kwenhloso engapheli. Ngenxa yokuthi u-Mendoza unezinto ezinhle ezimbili ezinhle ezibalekela lezo ezilebulwe, ukuphila kwabalingiswa bakhe kanye nephuzu eliphumelelayo lokuhlekisa ngezinye izikhathi eliphula amathrendi nezilungiselelo. Ubuhlakani emsebenzini wencwadi yezincwadi ehlala iyimpumelelo ukuyincoma.

Kukhona abaphikelela ekuhlukaniseni lolo hlangothi lwamahlaya lwalo mbhali. Mhlawumbe kungenxa yokuthi amahlaya akusona isici esicatshangelwayo lapho kuboniswa imisebenzi efanele, enikezwa abahlanjululi ezindikimbeni ezibalulekile nezidlulele. Kodwa u-Mendoza uyazi kahle ukuthi angakunqoba kanjani lokho kudlulela kumfundi kusuka kumahlaya, lapho edlala. Futhi umuzwa olula wokuqhekeka ongawunikeza lapho ekugcineni ugqashuka ubheke kulowo mthambeko, unikeza amahlaya, ngokwawo, indawo enqatshelwe ngokusemthethweni.

Icala lika-Eduardo Mendoza

Almudena Grandes. njalo emangalisayo

Akuhlakaniphile futhi kuyingozi ukuhlobanisa ukuthambekela kwezombusazwe nanoma yiziphi ezinye izici zabantu. Ngisho nangokwengeziwe entweni enkulu njengezincwadi. Eqinisweni, akuvuzi ukuqala lezi zigaba ze Almudena Grandes kube sengathi ngiyaxolisa ngokuvula umlomo wami. Ukuthi lo mbhali ubesho okungaphezu kwezepolitiki, akufanele kuphazamise umsebenzi wakhe. Kodwa okudabukisayo yileyo ndlela izinto.

Kodwa-ke, sikhululiwe ekuvalelweni futhi sibambelele emsebenzini wakhe, sizithola siphambi kombhali ohambe ezimeni ezihlukahlukene ezilandisayo. Ukusuka ku-eroticism kuya enganekwaneni yomlando, ukudlula kulolo hlobo lwamanoveli amanje okuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi abe amarekhodi anembe kakhulu enkathini.

Sibhekene nomsebenzi oqashelwa ngesandla futhi owanwetshwa iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-40 olungiselelwe kuleso simo esingelapheki, sombono ohambisanayo nodingekayo wokudlula kwezinsuku zethu. Uma ababhali bengaba nomsebenzi wokufakazela okwenzeka njengababhali besikhathi sabo, Almudena Grandes waphumelela nge-mosaic yakhe yezinhlelo ezingalindelekile. Indaba engaphakathi esuka lapha nalaphaya enalelo qiniso elibi labalingiswa abaseduze.

Ukuzwelana nabalingiswa abaningi nabaningi abazalwa ngomcabango we Almudena Grandes Kufanele nje ubathole emininingwaneni yabo nasekuthuleni, ezingxoxweni zabo ezinoshukela nakulelo shwa elinzima labahluliwe abadinga amazwi abenza babe amaqhawe ansuku zonke, babe abasindile abathanda, abazizwayo nabahlupheka kakhulu kunabaningi. abanye abalingiswa abathandwa kakhulu.ngenxa yokunethezeka njengokungazi ngaleyo mpilo yangempela lapho kwenzeka izinto ezithile ezithathwa ngumphefumulo.

Iziqephu zecala zempi engapheli

Pius Baroja. abalingiswa abangafi

Angikwazanga ukukuchaza. Kodwa phakathi kokufundwa okuningi kangaka kukhona izinhlamvu eziqoshiwe. Ukushukuma komzimba nezingxoxo kodwa nemicabango kanye nemibono ngempilo. Abalingisi baka-Pío Baroja banokuthile angazi ukuthi yini eyeqile, njengokuthakasela ngaphambi kwekhanvasi ehlala iqoshwe ku-retina.

Ngesikhathi ngifunda isihlahla solwazi nganginomuzwa wokuthi ngithole izizathu eziholela ekutheni umuntu afune ukuba ngudokotela. I-Pío Baroja kwakungaphambi kokuqondisa kabusha impilo yakhe ekubhekeni ezincwadini. Futhi kulokho, ezingomeni zakhe, kunenhlanganyelo ephelele nomphefumulo wakhe omkhulukazi, lowo ofuna ukukhipha okwenyama, kuze kufike ezingeni lapho imibhalo kuphela engathola khona okusele ngemuva kwezinto eziphilayo neziphathekayo.

Futhi engikuthole ku- Isihlahla sesayensi iyaqhubeka emanovelini akhe amaningi. Ukuqondana okubalulekile kukaBaroja nezimo ezibuhlungu ezingeni likazwelonke, nokulahlekelwa amalahle okugcina obukhazikhazi bobukhosi, kwahambisana namanoveli akhe amaningi, njengoba kwenzeka kwabangane bakhe abaningi beGeneration of '98. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi angikaze akukaze kube kakhulu ukuhlonipha amalebula asemthethweni. Kodwa inkolelo-ze ekulandiseni cishe kwabo bonke abantu balesi sizukulwane iyinto esobala.

Y Ukuhlulwa, ukwehlulwa njengesisekelo esibalulekile njalo kugcina kunezindaba zomuntu ezinamandla kakhulu. Lapho yonke into icwile kulowo mqondo wosizi njengokuntuleka kwesisekelo sokuphila, izingqikithi ezijwayelekile ngothando, ukudabuka kwenhliziyo, ukuzizwa unecala, ukulahleka nokungabi bikho ziyacinana ngokweqiniso, njengento ejwayelekile kumfundi.

Okuhle kunakho konke ukuthi, lolu hlobo lwezincwadi futhi luyahlenga ngokwengxenye, lukhulule, njenge-placebo yomfundi owaziyo ukunganaki okuhambisana nokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuqina kwisibonelo esilandisiwe, ubuqiniso obungahluziwe ukujabulela kakhulu injabulo yezinto ezincane ezenziwe ngokudlulele ...

Isihlahla sesayensi

Camilo Jose Cela. umthwebuli wezithombe zomphefumulo

Bengingabaza ukuthi ngingavala kanjani ukukhetha kwami ​​​​kwababhali abayi-10 abahamba phambili baseSpain. Ngoba baningi abahlala emasangweni. Futhi njengoba ngishilo ekuqaleni kwalokhu kungena, mhlawumbe ubuhlobo buzoshintsha eminyakeni embalwa. Futhi ngokuqinisekile bekungeke kube okufanayo eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Umbuzo wesikhathi esikuso. Kodwa ukukhohlwa uCela kwakuyicala.

Isitembu saseGalician siyinto enjalo UCamilo José Cela igcinwe kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe. Umlingiswa oyingqayizivele ongamholela ekubeni asuke e-loquacity aye ku-hermeticism enkulu kakhulu, okumangazayo ngokuqhuma okuthile okuhlotshiswe ngamabhulokhi akhethiwe wephunga elimnandi le-prose yendabuko, leyo ngezinye izikhathi iphrozi ye-scatological ayevame ukuyiveza kumanoveli akhe. Owayenempikiswano kwezombusazwe futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nangobuntu, u-Cela wayengumlingiswa onesiphiwo, enconywa futhi enqatshwa ngokulingana, okungenani eSpain.

Kodwa ngokwemibhalo, ngokuvamile kuyenzeka ukuthi uhlakaniphe lugcine lunxephezela, noma okungenani luthambise, noma yikuphi ukusikisela kobuntu obuthukuthele. Futhi uCamilo José Cela wayenaleso sihlakaniphi, isipho sokwenza kabusha izigcawu ezingasoze zalibaleka zezinhlamvu ezicacile, eziphikisanayo, ezibhekene nezwe kodwa futhi nokukhona, ukukhanya kwempilo enzima yaseSpain egwetshelwe ukungqubuzana, ukusinda nganoma iyiphi intengo nokuvezwa kokungcola. .womuntu.

Lapho esefikile obishini lokuphila, uCela uyazi ukuthi angawabuyisa kanjani amagugu anjengothando noma ubuqotho, ukuzithuthukisa ngisho nobubele besizathu. Futhi ngisho nalapho, phakathi kwenkolelo-mbono yokuzalwa phakathi kwezinhlanga zobumpofu, ucabanga ngomusa omncane wokukhula njengomuntu ongasekho, amahlaya ane-asidi noma aqinile kokubili agcina ekwenza ubone ukuthi ukuphila kukhanya nakakhulu uma kugqama. ngokuphambene nobumnyama.

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