Kunezinsuku eziyinqaba zokusebenza njenge-Hispanicist ehlonishwayo. Futhi ngaphandle kwalokhu, abafana bayathanda UPaul preston, U-Ian Gibson o UHenry kamen baphikelela ekuqhubekeni nokugxila endabeni, ukube bekungeyenye intando egxile emangeni, inganekwane emnyama noma inzalo ethnocentric, ingagcina iphazamiseke ngokuphelele.
Kepha iqiniso lihlala lidlula njalo. Ngoba ngale kwezindaba ezithakaselwayo, ukuthanda okulula kwegumbi lokulala elinethuba, kanye nemimoya esivivi lapho ubhekene nenganekwane ebabazekayo yababulali ababi kakhulu, akukho okunye okudlula okwenzekile naphezu kwabo bonke.
Endabeni U-Ian Gibson, ukuthanda kwakhe isiko nezindaba zaseSpain kugxila kakhulu kwezokubhala, kwezobuciko, kuleso samba sama-intrahist ezakha isithombe esihle kakhulu seSpain. UPaul preston Ihamba kakhulu ngomlando wakamuva, ngokugxila okunembile nokuhlala kukhanya eMpini Yombango. Kuthiwani nge UHenry kamen useba isazi-mlando esimelene nenkohliso. Ngokukhungatheka ngokuqina kwayo kanye nemibhalo, u-Kamen ubhubhisa amaphupho nenkohliso yabantu abalangazelela abazonda into engelutho.
Izincwadi Ezinconyelwe ezi-3 eziphezulu nguHenry Kamen
ISpain neCatalonia
Ukugibela kakhulu, gibela kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwama-flat-earthers, imibono evela emazweni amasha namanye, ekwazi ukudlulisa umqondo wokuthi iCatalonia isiqhingi saseBarataria esathenjiswa uSancho (njengamaQuixotes amasha (okwenza izinto zibe zimbi kakhulu ngeSpanishi lakhe), okuwukuphela kokuqiniseka ukuthi ikusasa elifanayo leCatalonia nabanye abantu benhlonhlo ekugcineni bahlangana ngaphansi komqondo weSpain, ukuphela kobufakazi.
Kule ncwadi, umHispanist omkhulu uHenry Kamen uveza obala ubudlelwano obungokomlando phakathi kweSpain nenye yezinhlaka zayo, iCatalonia, egxile ezenzakalweni ezenzeka ngo-1714 kanye nezinganekwane ezenziwe ngabo. Ngoba, kuwo wonke umlando wayo, iCatalonia ibe yisisulu sezinqubo ezithile zokwaziswa okungekho emthethweni ezikhuthazwa yilabo abakhetha ukungenzi mzamo wokuqonda okwedlule, okuhlanekezelwe ngokuhlelekile ngabathile bezombusazwe, osopolitiki kanye nezintatheli ezivame ukubeka izinkulumo zazo kulwazi hhayi enokwethenjelwa kakhulu.
KwiKamen, iCatalonia ayizange ichotshozwe noma yehliswe ize ngemuva kukaSepthemba 11, 1714 - okuyisikhumbuzo seminyaka eyikhulu manje - kepha yaqhubeka nokuba yisifunda esibalulekile, esichumayo nesichumayo, indawo ecebile kakhulu eSpain. Le yindlela ayichaza ngayo kulawa makhasi futhi ngaleyo ndlela akhumbuze labo abalahlekelwa emakhulwini amathathu eminyaka adlule, amadoda abelana ngezindinganiso ezifanayo neningi lamaCatalan namuhla: inkolelo yobunye beSpain, kepha futhi ngokuyisisekelo kanye nohlamvu oluthile yabantu baseCatalan.
Ukusungulwa kweSpain:
Uma sithola injabulo eyengeziwe, yonke into isungulwe, umhlangano kusukela ubuningi bePangea bebusakazeka phakathi kwamanzi omhlaba. Okunye kuyindaba yentando, umlando, umcabango, izithakazelo... nakakhulu umqondo wesizwe. Okukhulu nakakhulu umbono waseSpain, owakhiwe njengeqembu labantu.
Izizwe azizalwanga: ziyavela futhi zidaliwe, zivela emizabalazweni nasethembeni futhi ziyaqhubeka zibonga isibindi sabantu bazo. Ngomqondo ongokoqobo, "akhiqizwa", hhayi ngoba aphefumulelwe ngamanga, kepha ngoba alangazelela iqiniso, ngoba bekulokhu kunemibono ehlukile futhi ephikisanayo ebambe iqhaza ekwakheni izwe.
Le ncwadi ingukuhlaziywa kweminye yale mibono ehlukile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi eye yasiza ekwakheni umbono wethu ngeSpain. Imibono ivame ukukhuthazwa yimibono kanye nokuhlanekezelwa okungahamba nabo, okudinga ukuqondwa nokuchazwa, kunokuba kunqatshwe.
I-Mad King nezinye izimfihlakalo zombuso waseSpain
Isiphawuli ngasinye somlando ngaso sonke isikhathi sithola umlingiswa waso okhethekile, lowo okungatholwa kuye lokho kucishe kube ngamehlo abukhali, ezimisele ukuqaqa wonke ama-nooks nama-crannies kuze kube kutakulwa iqiniso elithembeke kakhulu. Endabeni kaHenry Kamen, uCharles II ubonakala enjalo.
Imicimbi eminingi yesikhathi esedlule izungezwe yimfihlakalo nomlingo. Akukho ncazelo ebhaliwe ngabo futhi behlele kithi besongwe nge-halo yenganekwane. Kule ncwadi, isazi esikhulu samaSpanishi uHenry Kamen usivezela ngendlela emnandi kakhulu iqiniso elingaba ngemuva kwezinsumansumane eziningi namaqiniso angachazeki enzeka eSpain ngesikhathi segolide soMbuso:
Kungani iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki yaseSpain yazitholela idumela njengesikhungo esesabisayo kanti imisebenzi yayo yayingeyona eyesabekayo njengakwamanye amazwe? Kungani izwe elalikwazi ukuthola ingcebo yaseMelika engenamkhawulo lagcina selisenkingeni? Kungani uCharles II, inkosi yokugcina yasebukhosini bakwaHabsburg, agcina esedume ngokuthi "uthakathiwe"? Kwakungubani inkosi ehlanyayo?
Ukuphawula oku-1 kokuthi "Izincwadi ezi-3 ezihamba phambili zikaHenry Kamen"