Ababhali abayi-10 abahamba phambili e-USA

Ukunquma okuhle kokuhle kokulandisayo kwezwe ngalinye kuqukethe imithamo emikhulu yokutolika, okuthandwayo, amanxusa nokunye okuthandwayo okubhaliwe phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo nezitayela. Kodwa i-subjectivity ingena ngokuphelele ezweni lethu elihlobene njalo, lapho kungeyona yonke into emnyama nokumhlophe. Kufanele kube kanjena futhi yile ndlela engilokotha ngayo ngokukhetha okuzokujabulisa noma okukwethuse, kuye ngakunye.

Futhi phuma nge ababhali abahamba phambili enziwe e-USA, ngemvelo ebanzi futhi ehlukahlukene yalelizwe, iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngoba kudingekile ukwenza ukulahlwa noma ukushiywa okubuhlungu nokumangalisayo. Noma kunjalo, sizoqhubeka nakho ngesifiso esikhulu sokuvula inkulumo-mpikiswano. Noma futhi ukuze unikeze izinkomba ukuze wonke umuntu azitholele ukufundwa okungalindelekile kamuva.

Ababhali abaphambili abangu-10 e-United States.

Stephen King. Inunu yezincwadi.

Umcabango ongenamkhawulo we Stephen King kubonakala kithi njengokukhanya okusombululeka kuzo zonke izilinganiso ukusuka ku-prism yayo ethile. Ayikho imikhawulo encwadini yezincwadi ze Stephen King futhi ukuzama ukukusondeza ohlotsheni olushaqisayo kuwumbono omfushane.

Ngoba lapho Stephen King okuningi kakhulu kusuka kukwesaba ukufinyelela okumangalisayo, inganekwane yesayensi, inganekwane yomlando, i-dystopia, i-ucronías noma ama-apocalypse. Konke lokhu kubalingiswa abaveza iqiniso njengababhali abambalwa abakwazi ukwethula.

Kusukela ku-anecdotal kuya kokubalulekile noma kusukela kubhajethi enhle kakhulu ukuya kumuzwa oseduze. Inkosi ihlala ezindaweni lapho okungekho muntu ongafinyelela kuzo, amahlathi aluhlaza omcabango akhipha ukubanda okugcwele emathanjeni noma ezindaweni ezivulekile ezisichaya kuzo zonke izinhlobo zesimo sezulu esibi. Ubukhona benza isintu esithukuthele ngemininingwane. Umcabango njengengxenye engaphansi yombono wethu ozimele womhlaba. Stephen King u-Prometheus wenza umbhali.

Enye yezincwadi zakhe ezinhle kakhulu ...

UMark Twain. Ukujabula okulandisayo.

USamuel Langshorne Clemens uthathe usuku olulodwa oluhle lokulandela ubuntatheli. Igama lakhe mbumbulu kungaba Mark Twain, wasebenzisa ipulatifomu abemnikeza yona abezindaba, waveza (u-pun wayehlose) ukucabanga kwakhe okuphikisana nakho konke ukuphathwa kabi kontanga. Ezweni elifana ne-United States elalisindwa ngamalobbi anamandla okulwa nobugqila ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, alizange lizuze uzwelo olukhulu (ngiletha lapha inkomba ethokozisayo yokuqedwa kwemisebenzi e-United States, ujantshi ongaphansi komhlaba).

Ngakho-ke uMark Twain wapaka ubuntatheli futhi wagxila ezincwadini, lapho ayezogcina ngokuba esinye sezikhombo zabo bonke ababhali abasha ezweni lakhe. Umsebenzi wakhe obanzi, ohlanganisa konke usebenze njengomdlandla wezizukulwane ezizayo zababhali abasha (njengoba naye akubona William Faulkner ngezikhathi ezithile).

Kepha ngenkathi umsebenzi wakhe omuhle nentshisekelo yakhe kumnika udumo nodumo e-United States, ifa lakhe leqa imingcele lasakazeka emhlabeni wonke. Ngoba uMark Twain wayenobuhle, ayivelakancane ezinsukwini zethu, ukubuyisana namanoveli wentsha nabadala emsebenzini ofanayo. Nginjalo Ukuzidela kukaTom Sawyer ngakolunye uhlangothi kanye nalabo bakaHuckleberry Finn ngakolunye bazofinyelela indawo yonke emkhakheni wezinhlamvu. Akumangazi ukuthi ingqondo ekwazi ukwenza inhlanganisela enjalo ikhiqize iqoqo lezindaba eziningi eliqala ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo.

Ngeshwa, iminyaka yokugcina kaMark Twain yaphenduka ukudabuka okukhulu. Akuyona imvelo ukusinda enganeni, cabanga ukuthi kufanele kube buhlungu kangakanani ukuthi kwenzeka kwabathathu kubantwana abane. Eshonelwe futhi ngaleyo ndlela yokudabuka okungokwemvelo nokudumazayo, u-Twain waphela phakathi kokuqashelwa kokugcina nokungokomzwelo kwezwe lonke. Lapha ngikulethela ivolumu enezindaba zakhe ezihamba phambili:

Isaka Asimov. ubunkimbinkimbi obufinyelelekayo.

Futhi sifika ekulandiseni okukhulu kakhulu kweSayensi Fiction: Isaka Asimov. Sengikhulumile ngaphambili mayelana nababhali zakudala njenge UHuxley o IBradbury, Abakhangisi abakhulu bezindaba eziqanjiwe zesayensi ye-dystopian, sifinyelela kobuhlakani obatshala konke kulolu hlobo lwe-scifi, wakhuphukela kuma-altare kwesinye isikhathi futhi wathukwa ngabaculi bezincwadi ngezinye izikhathi.

Nansi enye yezindaba zakamuva ezikhishwe kabusha zakhe isisekelo trilogy ebalulekile. Uhlelo oluhehayo olunezithombe ezinhle...

U-Asimov wayesevele ekhomba izindlela ngenxa yokuqeqeshwa kwakhe kwezemfundo, lapho athola khona iziqu zobudokotela e-biochemistry. Izisekelo zesayensi okufanele uzindle ngazo zazishoda ngobuhlakani baseRussia obuvela eBrooklyn.

Ngaphambi kokuhlanganisa amashumi amabili, U-Asimov wayesezishicilele ezinye zezindaba zakhe phakathi kokumnandi nokwesayensi komagazini (ukunambitheka kwendaba ayisabalalise impilo yakhe yonke nokuthi bakunikeze ukuhlanganiswa okuningi)

Umsebenzi wakhe obanzi kakhulu (futhi uhlukile ngoba wenza ama-forays akhe waba ngumseshi, owomlando futhi, nemisebenzi efundisayo), unikeze okuningi, ekubeni i-cinema ingumamukeli omkhulu weziphakamiso zakhe. Eziningi ze- ama-movie amahle kakhulu e-cifi esiwabonile esikrinini esikhulu athola isitembu sakhe.

Truman Capote. izinkazimulo namathunzi omphefumulo.

Truman Capote Kuyinto a umbhali onesitembu sokukhiqiza, Ngingacishe ngithi ngikhishwe inyumbazane, njenganoma yisiphi isitembu noma ilebula evunyelwe ngaphandle kokubuyekezwa okungenzeka. Kwenzeka ukuthi ukuthambekela kwethu kwemvelo kokuqoqa, ukuzihlanganisa, ukulingisa nokulebula njengokuthi konke bekungumkhiqizo kugcina kukhawulela zonke izinhlobo zokuveza okudala noma kwezobuciko. Okuluhlaza kodwa okwangempela.

Akufanele kube khona izizukulwane zamanothi noma ukuthambekela kwe-noséquánto. Kepha hhe ... Ngiphumile esihlokweni Truman Capote ngokuqinile maqondana nomsebenzi wakhe (mhlawumbe kwakuwukuhlubuka kwakhe okwangiholela kule ramble yokugcina).

Iphuzu liwukuthi uTruman omdala omuhle wayeyilolo phawu olwalufunwa, yebo. Amanoveli akhe, imilando eyiqiniso yenhlalo (kokubili ekubenyezeleni kokunethezeka kanye nakwezimbi kakhulu nezimangelengele ngakolunye uhlangothi lomphakathi), ahlaba umxhwele umgxeki owamkhuphulela ema-altare noma wamklebhula waba yizicucu. Phakathi komunye nomunye bagcina sebeqamba inganekwane nakakhulu. Lapha ngezansi Ibhulakufesi lakhe eliyinganekwane kwaTiffany's...

Ernest Hemingway. ipeni elenziwe ibhulashi.

Phila ukuyibhala. Lokho kungaba amandla alo mbhali omkhulu wekhulu lama-XNUMX. Ernest Hemingway Wayengumoya ongahlaliseki futhi wayethanda ukuphila impilo eziphuzweni ezinde, kuyo yonke imiphetho namathuba. Kusukela ekubhalweni ngesandla kweHemingway, izinganekwane eziqandayo kakhulu zezenzakalo zomhlaba eziningi zalelo khulu leminyaka elineziyaluyalu zenziwa XX okwadlula phakathi kwezimpi, izinguquko, ukusungulwa okukhulu, izimpi ezibandayo kanye nesibonakaliso sokuqala sokwakhiwa komhlaba kanye nolwazi lwendawo yonke emjahweni wasemkhathini oqhubekayo nanamuhla.

Akukhona ukuthi uHemingway ungumlobi wezinto zonke owenzeka ngekhulu lakhe lamashumi amabili, kepha okungangabazeki ukuthi ukubonakaliswa kwabalingiswa bakhe abacwile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezimo kumenza abe ngumbalisi ophumelelayo kukhiye oqanjiwe wokudlula komuntu ngokuba kuleli zwe.

Joyce Carol Oates. ukungabaza okubalulekile.

Uthisha wezincwadi uhlala efihla umlobi ongaba khona. Uma isihloko sezinhlamvu sisebenza kakhulu, wonke umuntu othanda lezi ugcina ezama ukuphindaphinda ababhali ababathandayo, labo abazama ukufaka imisebenzi yabo kubafundi. Uma kwenzeka kuba UJoyce Carol Oates, Akunakwenzeka kuphela ukukhomba ukusebenza kwakhe njengothisha woLimi noLwazi. Kumele kuqashelwe futhi ukuthi uneziqu, iziqu zobudokotela kanye ne-Master esifundweni solimi kanye nokwakhiwa kabusha kwezobuciko (Literature).

Ngakho-ke ubuhle, ukwakheka nokusebenza sithola lokho UJoyce ubhala enolwazi oluphelele ngamaqiniso. Kodwa-ke, uma engathandi isizinda, ubengeke afinyelele lapho efinyelele khona, engumbhali owaziwa emhlabeni wonke. Lapha ngezansi ngethula inoveli edumile ka-Oates lapho imuvi emayelana noMarilyn weNetflix yayisekelwe...

Charles Bukowski. iqiniso elingaphezu kokungcola.

U-Bukowski ungumbhali ongenanhlonipho, umbhali wezincwadi ze-visceral ezisakaza i-bile kuzo zonke izindawo zomphakathi (uxolo uma "bebukwa kakhulu"). Ngaphandle kokusondela kulo ngqondongqondo ngosesho lwe-inthanethi olufana nokuthi «Charles Bukowski imishwana»Ngalokho ukuthola imibono yakhe yokuphila, ukufundwa kokugcina kwemisebenzi yakhe impilo eluhlaza efakwe emthanjeni.

Ngoba Charles Bukowski wayengumlobi othukuthele ngolunye usuku omuhle wanquma ukubhala lokho ayekufuna nokugcina kugxambukela eningini labafundi abagcina ngokumkhulekela ngenxa yokuhlubuka kwakhe kobubi, ngenxa yokuthambekela kwakhe ekufeni nangendlela yakhe yokubuka kabusha impilo ebabazekayo ngaphansi kweprism kwe Amahlaya kubi.

Izincwadi zidinga izibalo ezinjengalezi zombhali ezizibophezele kokungenamsebenzi, ekuphikeni, ekuhlubukeni ngenxa nje yaso, ekudumazekeni. Futhi naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, Izinhlamvu zikaBukowski zinikeza amazwibela wesintu lapho ngezikhathi ezithile bevuma ukuthi nabo bayazizwa, bekhuphula leyo mizwa phezulu, njengomuntu okhafulela esibhakabhakeni futhi ngokunganaki alinde impendulo engenzeka evela esibhakabhakeni esizolile futhi engaphansi kwe-inertia ... Phansi lapha eyodwa ukuthi kimina umsebenzi wokuqala noma ubani ofuna ukusondela ku-Bukowski nezizathu zakhe zokubhala kanye nezimpikiswano zakhe zokukwenza ngendlela enjalo yezilwane.

UPatricia Highsmith. ubuhlakani ngobuningi.

Uhlobo lwamaphoyisa luyohlale lunobhekisela obubodwa ku- UPatricia Highsmith. Lo mbhali waseMelika udale omunye wabalingiswa abahle kakhulu, ababi futhi abanozwelo kulo lonke uhlobo lokukhiqiza lohlobo: UTom Ripley. Futhi kwakungekho ezweni lakubo lapho umlingiswa okukhulunywa ngaye amukelwa kahle khona.

Ngandlela-thile, umbhali uphakamise imisebenzi yakhe eminingi ngokuhambisana ne-idiosyncrasy yaseYurophu, ethambekele kakhulu ekuhlekisweni nasekuhlekisweni okwethulwe kuzo zonke izinhlobo, kubandakanya namaphoyisa, noma ngabe kuhlanzekile kangakanani. Futhi iYurophu yagcina iyamukele ngezandla zombili.

Yize le mpumelelo ibuye ihlangane nokukhishwa kwamalebula athile aseMelika okuthi ngezinga elithile alahle umbhali oyindida kodwa ongungqingili wezithandani, othanda ukuphuza, okwazi ngisho nokukhuluma ngezindikimba zobungqingili ezincwadini zakhe yize ekuqaleni bekungumbombayi .. ., nalokhu eMelika phakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili leminyaka akuzange kwamukelwe ngokuphelele.

Naphezu kokugxila ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi wakhe ku-Tom Ripley, akukho lutho olungadelela ezinye izincwadi zakhe lapho u-Tom othile engeyena umlingiswa. Eqinisweni, amanoveli akhe okuqala ngaphandle kwakhe abonakala ephelele kakhulu, ngaphandle kwalelo phuzu le-serial elivame ukutholwa yilelo nalelo chungechunge lamanoveli ane-protagonist eyodwa. Lapha ngezansi omunye wemisebenzi yakhe eyingqayizivele...

UDavid Foster Wallace. ukusiphula njenge-focus.

Kungase kube nenganekwane ethile. Njengeqembu le-27 emculweni. Into ewukuthi ukufunda uDavid Foster Wallace kunokuthile okudabukisayo okuthathwe ku-delirium, ngokweqile, ngisho nokusangana. Ukushuba okuvela ekunganeliseki okuholela ekubhuqeni okugcwele ukubhuqa. Ukubhuqa kwalowo ozibona ehlukene futhi angafakaza ngezincwadi zakhe ukungajwayelekile komhlaba.

Yize eyisibaluli e-United States, ukufika komsebenzi we UDavid Foster Wallace eya eSpain yakhiqizwa njengohlobo lokuqashelwa kwangemva kokufa kwenganekwane. Ngoba uDavid wahlushwa ukucindezeleka okwakumhlupha kusukela ebusheni bakhe kwaze kwaba semihleni yakhe yokugcina, lapho ukuzibulala kwaphela lapho eneminyaka engu-46 ubudala. Iminyaka engafanele yokugcina lapho kunanela khona kanye nokungqubuzana komqondo onesiphiwo nowokudala, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo incike kwalasha wembubhiso, iguqulwa ngokuyindida ibe isithakazelo esikhulu emsebenzini.

Ngo-2009 i Izincwadi zikaDavid Foster Wallace Baqala uhambo lwabo oluya ezingxenyeni zomhlaba ababengazange bafinyelele kuzo phambilini, bazidla kakhulu kuze kube yileso sikhathi emakethe yaseMelika lapho isiphakamiso sabo sasivele sakhiwe njengokwakheka okuthokozisayo kwabalingiswa abajule kakhulu abangena enkulumweni yesimanjemanje.

Izihloko ezahlukahlukene ukusuka kwezemidlalo kuye kwabezindaba zethelevishini noma ukubuyekezwa okubalulekile okujwayelekile kwephupho laseMelika. Ukufika eSpain kwenziwa okokuqala ngezindlela zobuso bakhe njengomxoxi wezindaba bese kuba nesisindo esigcwele semisebenzi yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu. UWallace, naphezu kwezimo zakhe ezidabukisa kakhulu ngamakhemikhali, wayengeyena umlobi owayebuswa uhlobo oluthile lokuphelelwa ithemba oluwuphawu lokugula kwakhe noma imithi yakhe.

Hhayi okungenani kokujwayelekile isimilo senhlekelele engavela kubabhali abanjengo UBukowski o U-Emil Cioran, ukuqamba abantu ababili abanethemba lokuhle. Esikhundleni salokho, sithola ezincwadini zakhe okuphambene nalokho, ngenhloso yokwakha izinhlamvu ezicacile nezinomlando kwezinye izindlela ezikhohlisayo ezivusa amahlaya nokudideka ngokungaqondakali.

Ama-Utopias nama-dystopias ahlasela iqiniso eliguquliwe, abalingiswa abangabaza ukwakhiwa komhlaba obazungezile noma abavumela ubukhona babo bunyakaze kukho. Inhloso ebucayi mayelana neqiniso ngokwalo ngendlela emangalisayo esakaza ubuhlakani, njengokubhala okuzenzakalelayo okubuyekeziwe futhi kwabhalwa kamuva ukuze kufuneke incazelo okuthi lapho nje kuthola ukubhuqa kwesimo sethu sobuntu njengoba kusifaka kuleyo ndawo lapho izinganekwane zigcwala khona. wezimpawu ezihlukanisa umhlaba ube izingxenye.

UDavid Foster Wallace ungumbali womhlaba odliwe yilowo onjengephupho. Futhi sekuvele kwaziwa ukuthi emaphusheni sisuka ekuhlekiseni siye ekwesabeni noma esifisweni sokunengeka kusuka kwesinye isimo kuye kwesinye.

Edgar Allan Poe. ukuqhuma kwe-fantastic.

Kafushane kodwa kushubile, okungajwayelekile ekushicilelweni kwayo kodwa kunokujula okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kokumnandi nokuhlekisayo. Ngababhali abathile awukwazi ukuthi iqiniso ligcina kuphi futhi inganekwane iqala. U-Edgar Allan Poe ngumbhali oqalekisiwe we-quintessential. Uqalekisiwe hhayi ngomqondo wamanje we-snobbish wegama kepha kunencazelo ejulile ye- umphefumulo wakhe wabusa ngezihogo ngotshwala nangokusangana.

Kepha ... ngabe yini incwadi engaba ngaphandle kwethonya layo? AmaHells ayindawo ethokozisayo yokudala lapho uPoe nabanye ababhali abaningi behlela njalo ukuthola ugqozi, beshiya izicucu zesikhumba nezicucu zomphefumulo wabo nge-foray entsha ngayinye.

Futhi imiphumela ikhona ... izinkondlo, izindaba, izindaba. Ukuzwa okubandayo phakathi kokukhohlisa kanye nemizwa yezwe elinodlame, elinolaka, ecathamela yonke inhliziyo ebucayi. Ubumnyama obunokuhlobisa kwabaphupha nabangenangqondo, izingoma zomculo wama-violin aphuma ethuni namazwi avela phesheya kwethuna avusa ama-echoes obsessive. Ukufa kufihlwe njengevesi noma iprozi, kudansa umkhosi wayo emcabangweni womfundi onesibindi.

Kuhle ukuhlanganiswa kokuhamba phambili kwePoe, umphathi we ukwesaba, singakuthola kulokhu kubathandi balobuhlakani: