ื“ื™ 3 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ Camilo Josรฉ Cela

ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืœื™ืฆื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืึทืžื™ืœืึธ ื“ื–ืฉืึธืกืข ืกืขืœืึท ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึทืงื•ื•ื™ืึทืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžืึทืœ ื‘ืขืกืึธื“ื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜, ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื•ืš ื‘ืื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืขืœืขืงื˜ืขื“ ื‘ืœืึทืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืื ืขืœืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข ืึทืจืึธืžืึท, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึผืจืึธืกืขืก ื‘ื™ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืขืกื˜ืฉืึทื˜ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืงืึทืœ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ืึธืคื˜ ืฉืคื™ื’ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ.

Cela ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืึทืœ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื– ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉ, ืึทื“ืžื™ื™ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ืคึผื™ื•ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืคึผืึทืจืฅ, ืœืคึผื—ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื™ืŸ.

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉ, ืขืก ื™ื•ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™ ื›ืึทืคึผืึทื ื– ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉืขื ื™ ืงืึทืžืคึผืึทื ืกื™ื™ืฅ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœืคึผื—ื•ืช ืกืึธืคื ื™ื ื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ Camilo Josรฉ Cela ื”ืื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ืฉืขื ื™, ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ ืฆื• ืจื™ืงืจื™ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทื ืคืขืจื’ืขื˜ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืกื™ื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง, ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืงื˜ืขืจื™ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ, ืคื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื˜ื™ืึทืœื™ืกื˜, ื‘ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืคึผืึทื™ืŸ ืคืืจืžืฉืคื˜ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ืคืœื™ืงื˜, ื ื™ืฆืœ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื™ึทื– ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืฅ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ.

ืึทืžืึธืœ ืกืขืœืึท ืœืึทื ื“ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง, Cela ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืขืก ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื ื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ึทื˜, ื–ื™ืš-ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฆืขืจื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื”. ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทื˜ืึทืœื™ื–ืึทื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื’ืึทืœื– ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืงื™ื™ึทื˜, ืื™ืจ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื—ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื•ื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืžืขืจ ื“ื™ืกื™ื ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“, ื“ื™ ืึทืกื™ื“ื™ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืคึผื™ื“ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืขื ื“ืก ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ ืึทื– ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ.

3 ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ Camilo Josรฉ Cela

ื“ื™ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ืึทืœ ื“ื•ืึทืจื˜ืข

ื˜ืฒืœืžืืœ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืคืืงื˜, ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงืื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจืฒื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืืคืงืœืื ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืืŸ ืจืืžืืŸ, ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืงืื ื˜ ืฉืขื ืงืŸ ืฆืขืœืขืก ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืขื ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืงืฒื˜. ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืึท ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงื•ื™ื ืจื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฅ ื‘ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืกืึทื‘ืกืึทืงื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜.

ืงื™ืฆืขืจ: ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง ืขื˜ืฉื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืคื™ืฉ ืกืคึผืึทื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืคื•ืŸ Pascual Duarte ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืึทืžืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื˜ืึทื’ืึทื ืึทืกื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ืฉืขื˜ื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกืึทืœ ืคืึทืจื ืขื.

ืขืจืฉื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ 1942, ื“ื™ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹Pascual Duarte ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ืœืกื˜ืึธื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื–, ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ื›ืึธื˜ืข, ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืš ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ.

Pascual Duarte, ืขืงืกื˜ืจืขืžืึทื“ื•ืจืึท ืคึผื•ื™ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœืงืึธื”ืึธืœื™ืงืขืจ, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืกืขื ื˜ืึทื ืกื˜.

ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ื™ื ืขืงืกืขืจืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืคืึทื˜ืึทืœืึทื˜ื™, Pascual Duarte ืื™ื– ืึท ืคึผืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืขืœืึทืžืขื ืึทืœ ื“ืึทืžืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ื•ื•ืึทืœื“, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื˜ืจื™ื™ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืึทืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืกืงืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ื›ื™ื™ื“ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฆื• ืงืขืžืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคืขื ื˜ื™ืง ืึธืคืขื ื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ื›ืึทืจื‘ืขืจื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื”.

ื“ื™ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืกืงื•ืึทืœ ื“ื•ืึทืจื˜ืข

ืœืึท ืงืึธืœืžืขื ืึท

ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืขืœืึท ืก ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก. ืžืึทื“ืจื™ื“ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืึธื•ื˜ืขืกืง ื•ื•ืึทืœืœืข-ื™ื ืงืœืึทืŸ. ื“ื™ ืžืขืœืึทื ื›ืึธืœื™ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื›ืžื”, ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจืข ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ืขื ืข ืคึผืึทืจืฉื•ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ืจื˜ื” ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ.

ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื‘ืึทืฆื™ึดื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืจืฒึทื›ืขืจืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืคึผืขืกื™ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึทื˜ืžืึธืกืคึฟืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ ื‘ืึทืจืฒึทื›ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืŸ.

ืงื™ืฆืขืจ: La colmena, ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ Camilo Josรฉ Cela, ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ึท ืขื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืืกืŸ, ืงืึทืคืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืจื•ืžื– ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืžืึทื“ืจื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 1943, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื˜ืฉืึทืœ ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืง. ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ื™ื“ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ื•ื•ืกื˜ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ.

ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึทื– ื˜ื™ื ื’ื– ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืื˜ ืึท ืกื’ื•ืœืข. ืฆืฐื™ืฉ ืŸ ื“ืข ืจ ืžืืฆืœืข ืจ ืคืืœืง , ื”ื ื˜ ื–ื™ ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ื˜ ื“ืข ื ืืฒื ื–ืืžืข ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืžืขืŸ , ืคื• ืŸ ืคื™ ืœ ืฆืขื˜ื•ืžืœื˜ ืข ืื• ืŸ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืขื ืข . ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ื’ื™ื˜ ืกืขืœืึท ืึธืŸ ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ื“ืึธืก ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ืจืึธื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืึทื ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืœ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ืึท ืกื™ืžืคึผืึทื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ืžื•ืจืžืœ ื™ื–ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจื‘, ื™ื™ืงื™ื ื’ ืคืึทืงื˜.

ืœืึท ืงืึธืœืžืขื ืึท

ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืงืึทืžื™ืœืœื•ืก 1936

ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืขืก ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืœืขื’ืึธืžืขื ืึท ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกืขืœืึท ืื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืื ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื•ื˜ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขื ืืžืช, ืึท ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืฆื•ื˜ืึทืคึผืŸ, ืึทื ืจื™ืœ ืืžืช, ืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทืกื˜ื™ื“ ืฆื• ื ื•ื™ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื˜ืขื ืก ...

ืงื™ืฆืขืจ: ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 1936 ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืฉื˜ืึทื ื“, ืึท ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืขืจ-ืคึผืจืึธื•ื˜ืึทื’ืึทื ืึทืกื˜ ืจื™ืคืœืขืงืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืึธื ืึธืœืึธื’ืก ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื“ืจื™ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืคึผืึทื ื– ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื’ื ืฉื˜ืขืœื  ื“ื™ ืžืจื™ื“ื”.

ื ื’ืึทืœืขืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืžื™ื˜ืœ-ืงืœืึทืก ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื™ื™ื“ืœ ืงื ืขื›ื˜, ืคืจื•ืžืข ื•ื•ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืกื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืฅ ืื™ื– ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทืคืขืก, ื’ืึทืจืึทืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืึทื˜ืึทืœื–, ืึธืŸ ืกืึทืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ืึทื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืœื•ืžื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืึท ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš ื“ืจื™ื™-ื™ืึธืจ ื™ื™ื“ืœ ืžืœื—ืžื”.

ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืงืึทืžื™ืœืœื•ืก ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืฅ ืึท ื‘ืœืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื™ืžืขื ื˜, ืึทืŸ ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ื˜-ื’ืึทืจื“ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืจื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืจื– ืึท ื ื™ื™ึทืข ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ืึธืง.

ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืงืึทืžื™ืœืœื•ืก 1936
5/5 - (7 ื•ื•ืึธื•ืฅ)

ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’

ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืงื™ืกืžืขื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื. ืœืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืึทืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื˜.