3 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ Horacio Castellanos Moya

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืกืขื ื˜ื˜ืฉืึทื ืžืึทื ื˜. ื ืžืฉืœ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืงืื•ื•ืกืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืง ืจืขืึทืœื™ื–ื ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกืขืจืึทื•ื ื“ื– ืขืก. ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ื– Horacio Castellanos Moya, ืคื• ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื  ืก ืื ื˜ืคืœืขืงื•ื  ื’ ืฉื˜ืืžืข ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ื ืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืข ืื• ืŸ ืกืื˜ื™ืจ ืข ืื• ืŸ ื“ ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ ืข ืžื™ ื˜ ื ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืจ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” . ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึท ืงืฉื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืคึผื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื–ืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืขืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ.

ืื•ื™ื‘ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฆื• ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึธืงืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืคึผืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืœื™ื™ื“ื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ืงืœืึธืจืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืข ืกืึธืฆื™ืึทืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืขื ื™ื ื™ื, ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืžืขืจืกื˜ืข. , ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื•ื•ืืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ ื ืงืœืืจืข ืืคืฉืคื™ื’ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜.

ื“ื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ืžื™ืงืจื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ-ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืขื“ื–ืฉื“ ืงืœืืกืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืžืึธื ืึธืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืคืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ื˜.

Top 3 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ Horacio Castellanos Moya

ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึทืžืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ

ื™ื™ืœื™ืึทื ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ึทืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืคื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ. ืคึฟืึทืจืงืขืจื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืฆืœื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ืงืœืขืึทืจืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื’ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืึท ื’ืึทืกื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื ื™ืฆืœ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืฉ, ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื™ื ืขืจืฉืึท ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื ืง, ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืœื™ืึทื ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืœืึทืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ื•ื•ืฒึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขืžื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœืฒึทื›ืœืขื›ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืฉื™ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ื•ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืขืคึผืึธืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทืœืฅ.

Erasmo Aragรณn ืกืึทืคืขืจื– ืึท ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขืžื“ื™ืง ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืคืืจืœื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืœืฉ ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื“ืœืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืฆื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืขื ืขืจื™ื™ืฅ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืžืขืจื™ื–. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ืงืกื™ืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืก, ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืึทื ื™ื ื›ื™ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื“ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื˜ืึธืจื˜ืฉืขืจื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคึผืึทืจืึทื ืึธื™ืึท ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื ืง. ื‘ืขืช ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ-ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืึธืกืขืœื™ืŸ, ืึท ื ื™ืึทื ื™ืข, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ื™ืงื™ืึทื˜ืจื™ืง ืงืœื™ื ื™ืง ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงืœืขืคึผืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™. ื›ึผื“ื™ ืฆื• ืฆืขื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืจืึทืกืžื•ืก ืึท ื ืฒึท ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืึทื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืœืึทื•ื•ื™ื ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืฆื•ืคึฟืจื™ื“ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคืขื ื’ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜.

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื•ืจืฅ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ Horacio Castellanos Moya ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืข ื˜ืขืžืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง: ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืึธืจืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื˜ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข: ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืงื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ; ื’ืขืžืฉืคึผื˜ , ืื•ืžื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ื ื“ื™ืง , ืืจื•ืžืฆื•ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ . Erasmo Aragรณn ื’ื™ื˜ ืึท ืงื•ืœ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืึธื•ืžืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคื™ื™ึทื ื“ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™: ื‘ืฉืขืช ื–ื™ื™ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึท ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธื’, ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ื™ื ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืขื ื˜.

ืขืงืœ

ืื™ืจ ืงืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืขืงืœ, ืขืงืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืงืœ. ืื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ ืกืคืง ืื™ื– "ืขืงืœ" ื“ืึธืก ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืึทืก ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขื“ื’ืึทืจื“ืึธ ื•ื•ืขื’ืึท ืคื™ืœื–. ืึทื›ืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืงืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื˜ืึทื’ืึทื ืึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ืขืœ ืกืึทืœื•ื•ืึทื“ืึธืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ.

ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ ืฉื•ื˜ืขืฃ ืžื•ื™ืึท ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธืจื˜. ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ึทื ื“ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ืขื“ื’ืึทืจื“ืึธ ืก ืกืงืึทื˜ื™ื ื’ ื ืขืงืึธืžืข. ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืกื˜-ื•ื•ื™ ื˜ืจื•ื˜ืก, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืจืึธื•ื˜ื•ื ื“ืึทื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทืก, ืขื“ื’ืึทืจื“ืึธ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืžืึธื™ืึท ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืœืข ืึทื– ืขืงืœ ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžื™ื ืึทืก, ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืคึผืึทืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืžืคึผื™ื™ื˜ืจื™ืึทืฅ (ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ืึธืžืข ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืึทืจืœืขื ื’ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืกืึธื ืึท) ืฆื• ื ืึธื›ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื›ืึทืžืขืœืขืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืงืกืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ืจืขืงืœืขืš.

ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืึท ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืึท, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืœืึทื, ื“ื™ื ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ืึทื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกืคึผืœืึทืฉื™ื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืกืึทืœื•ื•ืึทื“ืึธืจ. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ืจืึทื ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืจื™ื™ึทื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ืงืึธื•ื•ืึทืจื“ืœื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ..., ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืงื˜ ืื™ื– ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืก ืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ .

ืขืงืœ. Thomas Bernhard ืื™ืŸ ืกืึทืŸ ืกืึทืœื•ื•ืึทื“ืึธืจ

ื˜ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืกื ื™ื™ืงืก

ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืข ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืข ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื’ื–. ื ืžื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœืึทื˜ ืžืึทืš ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ื™ืœื•ืงื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ. ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืกืึทื‘ืžื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืืงื˜ืŸ.

ืขืก ืึทืœืข ืกื˜ืึทืจืฅ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื“ื ืข ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช, ืึท ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ืŸ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉ ืžืึทืฉื™ืŸ. ืึท ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืื™ื, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขื“ื•ืึทืจื“ืึธ ืกืึธืกืึท ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื’, ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืึท ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืก ...

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืขืœ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื—ืœื•ื ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธื“ื ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืœ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกืึทืžืขืจื™ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืคึฟืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช.

ื˜ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืกื ื™ื™ืงืก

ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ Horacio Castellanos Mora

ืงืจืึทืžื‘ืœื™ื ื’

Erasmo Mira Bossa ืื™ื– ื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ื‘ืื”ืขืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขื ืึท. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืึธืœืข ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื“ื•ื•ืึธืงืึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื ื“ื•ืจืึทืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ื™, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทื‘ืœื™ื™ื“ื–ืฉื“ ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืžืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืฐืฒืก, ืฆื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืœืขื ืึท, ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื ืึท ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ืคึฟื™ืœืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืžืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ื, ืฐื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื“ืจืึธืก.

ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืกืึทืคึผื™ืจืึทื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืขืจืึทื˜ืึทืœ ื•ื•ืึธืจืฆืœ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื•ืžื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง, ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื’ืขื“ื™ืข ืœืึธื•ืขืจื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื•ื™ื’ื–ื™ืกื˜ืึทื ืก ืกื•ืกื˜ืึทื™ื ืขื“ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืึท ื˜ืึธืคึผืœ ื˜ืจืขื ื˜ืฉ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืคึผื ื™ื ืฆื• ืคึผื ื™ื. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื ื’ ื˜ืื›ื˜ืขืจ โ€‹โ€‹ื˜ืขื˜ื™, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื  ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื’ืขื“ื™ืข, ืคืืจืœืื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘.

ื–ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืงื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืึทื–ืึท. ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื• ืึทืจื•ืžืคืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ื˜ื™ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืฉื ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ. ื’ื•ื•ืึทืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’, ื˜ืจืึทื’ื™ืงืึธืžื™ืฉ ืžืึธื•ืžืึทื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื•ืžืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื™ืงืกืงื™ื•ืกื™ื– ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืŸ.

ืคึผืึทืจืึทืœืขืœ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”, ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื ื“ื•ืจืึทืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืœ ืกืึทืœื•ื•ืึทื“ืึธืจ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ twentieth ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜.

ืงืจืึทืžื‘ืœื™ื ื’
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ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’

ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืงื™ืกืžืขื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื. ืœืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืึทืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื˜.