ื“ื™ 10 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ืจืฅ ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ

ืื™ื ื“ืขืงืก:

ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืงื•ืจืฅ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืœืึทื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ. ืงื•ืจืฅ ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืขื ืงืึทืคึผืกื•ืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื˜ื™ื™ืคึผืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ื™ื“ืขืึทืœ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. ื‘ืจื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืื™ื– ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืœืขืฅ, ื ืึธื•ื•ื•ืขืœืึทืฅ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืœืขืฅ, ืงื•ืจืฅ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ื•ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืžืืœ.

ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื–ืึทืš ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืคืขืกื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“, ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึท ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคึผืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ื–ื™ืš, ื“ื™ ื–ืื›ืŸ ืžืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœื™ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืŸ ... ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืคึฟื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก, ืžื™ืจ ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืคืขืจืขื ืฉื™ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš.

ืื‘ืข ืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืฒ ื˜ ื–ื™ืš , ื“ืืจ ื˜ ืžื™ ืจ ืื•ื™ ืš ืืจืฒ ืŸ ืื™ ืŸ ื ืืžื‘ื™ื’ื™ืฐ ืŸ ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืืจื™ืข . ื•ื•ืึธืก ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข? ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœ, ืึท ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ื ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจืฅ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ. ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื“ืขื ืžื—ื‘ืจืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื›ื•ื•ื ื”. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืึทื ื˜, ื“ื™ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื– ืื•ืŸ ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืึทืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืกื™ื ื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึผืจืึทื“ื–ืฉืขืงืก ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืึทืกืึทืžืคึผืฉืึทื ื–.

ื“ื™ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืึทื– ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ื“ืขืคึฟื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืข, ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืคืขืจืขื ืฉื™ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคื•ืœ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืงืึธื ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืจื™ืงืจื™ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืข ืึท ื ื™ื™ึท ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคืึธืจืขื. ืื™ืš ืœืึทื“ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ ืงื•ืจืฅ ืจืึธืžืึทื ื–...

Top 10 ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืงื•ืจืฅ ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ

ื›ื™ื™ึทืข ืคืึทืจื, ื“ื–ืฉืึธืจื“ื–ืฉ ืึธืจื•ื•ืขืœ

ื ืžืขืฉื” ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ืืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช. ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืึธ, ื“ื™ืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืขืก. ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื˜ืึธืคึผืœ ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื’ื– ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืื˜, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืกืขื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื˜ืึทืคืึธืจื™ืงืึทืœ, ื–ื™ื™ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ.

ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ื ื™ื–ื, ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1945, ืื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืœืขืกื˜ืึธื ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืึทืจืคึฟืกื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ืžื™ ื˜ ื“ืข ืจ ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ ืŸ ืคื• ืŸ ื“ ื™ ืžืื ื• ืจ ืคืืจืึพื—ื™ื•ืช , ืื ื˜ื“ืขืง ืŸ ืžื™ ืจ ื‘ืืœ ื“ ื“ ื™ ื–ื•ื™ืžืข ืŸ ืคื• ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืขืœื™ื˜ืืจื™ื–ื , ืื™ ืŸ ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” , ืื™ื“ืขืืœ ืข ืืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ; ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืงืขืจื™ื–ืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ืคื™ืจืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืึทื ื“ืจื™ืงืขืจ.

ื ืคืืจืžืฉืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืืœื™ื˜ืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜, ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืื ื˜ ื’ืขื›ืืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื ื™ืืœืขืจ ืืœื’ืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืื‘ืœ. ื“ื™ ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืœืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื“ื–ืฉืึธื ืขืก ืคืึทืจื ื”ืขื›ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืึธื•ื ืขืจื– ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ืื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืจื™ื“ื” ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืจื™ื•ื•ืึทืœืจื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืขืก ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืึทืœื™ื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธื•ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื•, ื‘ื™ื˜ืจื™ื™ื“ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืœืึทืก.

ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืœ ืคืึทืจื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืึทื ืกื™ื•ื•ื“ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืจื—ืžื ื•ืชื“ื™ืง ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืกื˜ืึทืœื™ื ื™ืกื, ื“ื™ ื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกืึทืœ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืึท ื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจื•ืคึผืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื“ืขืจื–, ืึท ื•ืคื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ื“ื™ืึทื˜ืจื™ื‘ืข ืงืขื’ืŸ ื˜ืึธื˜ืึทืœื™ื˜ืึทืจื™ื–ืึทื ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืœืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืงื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื ื™ืคึผื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืึทื– ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ ืืžืช. ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธื•ืžืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข.

ืžืจื™ื“ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื

ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจืขืœ

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืข ืืœืขืก, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืก ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืืœืก ื ืื ื˜ืคืœืขืงื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืก. ื“ื™ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคื™ืœื– ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืœื™ื‘ืข, ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืฉื˜ืึธืฃ, ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜. ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืึทืœื– ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืจืึธื‘ื™ื ืกืึธื ืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉื™ืคึผืจืขืง ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื ืกืึทืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื“ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ.

ื ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขื ืขืจ ื›ืขืจืึทืกื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื™ื•ืฉืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืจืึธื•ื‘ืึธืึทื˜ ืฆื• ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื ื–ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืืจืœืื–ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืื’ ืฉืคื™ืจื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืขืจ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืœ.

ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™, ืฉืคึผื™ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืึทืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจื“ื™ืง ื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜ ืฆื• ื›ืึทืœื•ืกืึทื ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื– ืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืขืจืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ืขื ื™ื’ืžืึทืก.

ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ึทื›ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืฉืœื™ื™ืžืขืกื“ื™ืง ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืขื“ื’ืึทืจ ืึทืœืึทืŸ ืคึผืึธืข. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื™ืึทืก ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืœื™ ื“ื™ืคึผืœื•ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืข, ื“ื™ ืึทื“ืžืจืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืขืจื™ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืึทืจื•ื ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืงืึทืžืฃ ืจื™ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื–, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื ื“ื™ืกืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืžื™ื™ึทืกื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ.

ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจืขืœ

ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกืงืึธื•ื ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคื˜

ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžืขื“ื™ืึทื˜ืขื“ ื•ื•ื™ืกืงืึธื•ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื™ื˜ืึทืœืึธ ืงืึทืœื•ื•ื™ื ืึธ ืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทื‘ื™ืึทืœืึทืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉ. ืงืึทืœื•ื•ื™ื ืึธ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกืงืึธื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืจืึทืœื‘ืึท, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืงืึทื ืึธืŸ ืฉืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืจืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืึทืœื‘ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ.

ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“, Medardo de Terralba ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ. ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึธืจืŸ, ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื›ืึทื ื’ื’ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฆืขื‘ืจืื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘. "ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืึท ืฆืขืจื™ืกืŸ," ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืงืึธื•ื ื˜ืก ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืœื™ื‘ื˜. ืื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคื˜? ื“ืข ืจ ื“ืื–ื™ืงืข ืจ ืคืจืื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืจ ืคืืข ืœ ื”ื•ื™ื‘ ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ ืก ื“ ื™ ื–ื•ื› ืŸ ืคื• ืŸ ื“ืข ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืŸ ืื™ ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆ ืŸ ื’ืื  ืฅ , ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืจ ืื™ ื– ื’ืขืฐืฒื ืœืข ืš ื’ืขืžืื› ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืืจ ืŸ ืคื• ืŸ ืขืคืข ืก ืžืข ืจ ืฐ ื™ ื“ ื™ ืกื•ืžืข ื ืคื• ืŸ ื–ืฒื  ืข ื”ืืœื‘ืขืŸ .

ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกืงืึธื•ื ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคื˜

ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคึผืจื™ื ืก

ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื ืคืึทื ืึทื˜ ืžืขื˜ืึทืคืึธืจื™ืงืึทืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืึทืœืึทื’ืึธืจื™ืงืึทืœ ืคึผืึทืกืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืจืฅ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืึธืคืคืขืจืก. ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืงื•ืจืฅ ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ ืคึผืึธืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืœื™ื™ืžืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืกืึทืžืคึผืฉืึทื ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืืจืœื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื›ืึทืคึผืึทื ื–.

ืžื™ื˜ืึทืงืึทืœืข ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืงืึทืœ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคืจืื’ืขืก ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคึผืจื™ื ืก ืขืก ืงืึทื ืกืึทื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ืคึผืึทืฉื˜ืขืก, Saint-Exupรฉry ืก ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจื“ื™ืง ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึฟืจื™ื™ึทื ื“ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜, ืœื™ื‘ืข, ืคึฟืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ.

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜, ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืขืงืก ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ืฆืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทื”ืึทืจืึท ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆืขื‘ืจืื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธื˜ืึธืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื›ืื ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ, ื”ืื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืคื™ืจืŸ ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืคืืจืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืึท ืขื ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืจ ืึทื›ื˜ ื˜ืขื’ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ.

ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืœืืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ืืžื“ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ื˜ ืœืื ื“. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ืืคื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืคึผืœื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ. ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟืึธืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืึทืฉื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขื•ื•ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื˜ืึธื’ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืงื•ืœ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: โ€” ื‘ื™ื˜ืข... ืฆื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืœืึทื! โ€” ื”ื™ื™!? โ€• ืฆื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึท ืœืึทื...

ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคึผืจื™ื ืก

ื ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจืขื˜ืึธืœื“

ืืคึฟืฉืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจืขื˜ืึธืœื“ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ "ืจืขืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ" ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ Gabriel Garcรญa Mรกrquez, ื•ื•ื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืขืจ ืก ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืœืึทื ื“. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืงืึทืจื™ืึธ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื”ืจื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืกืึทื ื˜ื™ืึทื’ืึธ ื ืึทืกืึทืจ - ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ - ืฆื• ื ื•ืงื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจืœืขืฆื˜ ื›ึผื‘ึฟื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืึทื ื’ืขืœืึท, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกืึทื ื˜ื™ืึทื’ืึธ ื ืึทืกืึทืจ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ื˜..

ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืงืœื™ืฉืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš Garcรญa Mรกrquez ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืื ื˜ืคืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื ื ืื›ืืžืืœ ืคืืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืื™ืจืข ืžืืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืคืืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ืจื™ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœืื ื’ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื•ื•ืืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื  ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืžืฃ ืื™ื–, ืฆื•ืžืึธืœ, ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืงืœืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืžื‘ื™ื’ื™ื•ื™ึดืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืึธืŸ, ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืึทืœืขืงื˜ื™ืง ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืคึฟื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจื›ืึทืคึผื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข.

ื ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจืขื˜ืึธืœื“

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืื™ืœื™ื˜ืฉ

ื“ืขืจ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืื™ืœื™ื˜ืฉ, ืคืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืึทืœ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืžืึธืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื”ืึทืจื‘ืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ืึธืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืข, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึธืคึผ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจืึธืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคึฟืข ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืึทื ื™ื•ื•ืขืกื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ.

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึธืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืข, ื•ื•ืฒึทืœ ื›ึผื“ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคึฟืึธืจืŸ, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืคึฟื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื–ืฒื  ืข ืคืจืฒื ื“ , ืฐืขืœื› ืข ืคืืจื ืขืžืข ืŸ ื“ ื™ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ , ืฐืืจื˜ ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ , ื ื– ื–ืฒ ืŸ ืคืœืืฅ ื–ื ืœ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ . ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืื™ืœื™ื˜ืฉืก ืคืจืขืžื“ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”. ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืจืขืžื“ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœื™ืš ื“ืืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืคืืจืœื™ืจื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื ืคืืจืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜... ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ.

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืื™ืœื™ื˜ืฉ

ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ื™ืก

ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืึทื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืžื™ืื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื›ืขื–ืึทื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื“ื–ืฉืขืจ. ืžืืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื ืžืื–ืื™ืงื™ืฉืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ, ื’ืขื ื•ื™, ืžื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ื‘ืืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื™ืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœื™ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืื•ืกืข ืื˜ืžืืกืคืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื ืงืืœื™ืจืคื•ืœืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืฆื™ืข.

ืคึฟืึทืจืขืคึฟื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1914, ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ื™ืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืคื•ื ื“ืึทืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืฆื• ืฆืขืžืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืชื• ืžืึทืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืจ ื”ื ื˜ ืื™ ืŸ ื™ื ืจ 1929 ื‘ืืงื•ืžืข ืŸ ื“ ื™ ื ืื‘ืขืœ ืคืจื™ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืคืืจืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืืœืก ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืคื™ื’ื•ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื™ืจืืคืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ.

ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ื™ืก

ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืึทืฆื‘ื™

ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ Fitzgerald ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื’. ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืก ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืขืก. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืึธืจื™ืึทืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ึท ืžืขืจ ืžืึทืžืึธืฉืขืกื“ื™ืง ... ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืึทื˜ื‘ื™, ื“ืขืจ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืึธืก ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 20 ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜? ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืข, ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ื™ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืืจืœื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืึท ืจื™ื–ื™ืง ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื“ืึทื™ืกื™ ื‘ื•ืงืึทื ืึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืžืึธืœ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ื.

ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื ืฆื•ื•ืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื• ื™ืืจืง, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึทื˜ื‘ื™ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทื‘ื™ืึทืœืึทืก ืœืึธื ื’ ืื™ื ื–ืœ ืžืึทื ืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืขื ื™ื’ืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ืึทื˜ืจืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื–, ืึท ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืขืจื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ืฉืคึผื™ืึธืŸ, ืึท ื™ื™ื ื’ืœ ืึธืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืจื™ื™ืš, ื ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“, ื•ื•ืืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื: ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื›ืืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ื˜ืข.

ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ ื”ืึทืจืฅ

ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืึธืึทื ืึท ืก ื‘ื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืงื™ื ื“ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜, ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื ืขืจ ืืžืช, ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืžืคึผืœืขืงืกื™ื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื‘ืึทืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื–ืฉืึธืึทื ืึท ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ.

ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœืึทืจื™ืก ืœื™ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื–, ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื˜ื™ืฃ ื™ืงืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืึทื ืกื™ื– ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืขืžืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึธื•ื•ื•ืขืจื•ื•ืขืœื ืื•ื ื“ื–: ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข, ืขืœื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืคื™ืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ืึท ืชื”ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ื“ื™ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ...

ื ืงืœืึธืงืงื•ื•ืึธืจืง ืึธืจืึทื ื“ื–ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืึทื ื™ ื‘ื•ืจื’ืขืกืก

ื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื ื–ื’ืจืขืกื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขื“ืœืขืš ื•ื•ื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืกืคึผืขืงืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืึทื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืึทื ื•ื•ืขื ืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’. ืคึผืกื™ื˜ืฉืึธืคึผืึทื˜ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืคึผืึทืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืกืข ืฆื•ืคืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืกื™ื™ืงืึธื•ืคึผืึทื˜ืึทืง ืคื™ืจืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ืชืื•ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืข, ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ืขืึทืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜, ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื•ื•ืึทืœื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื’ื•ื•ืึทืœื“ ืก ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘.

ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ื ืึทื“ืกืึทื˜-ื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื“ื–ืฉืขืจ ืึทืœืขืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ-ืคืจื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื›ื–ืึธืจื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’. ืึทืœืขืงืก ื”ืื˜, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื‘ื•ืจื’ืขืกืก, "ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืึทื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ; ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ืึธื ืคืึทืœ, ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื™ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžืชืข ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ื ืื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืœื˜ (ื•ื•ื™ ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืœื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึฟืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ) ื–ืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจื•ื•ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ.

ื ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืง ืžืึทืจืึทื ืฅ

ืื™ืš ืœืึทื“ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจืฅ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ: "ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ึทื–"

ืงื•ืจืก ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืŸ

1 ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ "ื“ื™ 10 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ืจืฅ ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ"

ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’

ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืงื™ืกืžืขื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื. ืœืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืึทืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื˜.