3 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ Emilio Lara

ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื•ื™ ืกืœืึทื•ื• ื’ืึทืœืึทืŸ o ืขืžื™ืœื™ืึธ ืœืึทืจืึท ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืคึผืขืจืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืืงื˜ืŸ, ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉืจืึธื ื™ืงืœืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื˜ืขื’. ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืึทืžื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ื•ืึทืœื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜, ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜-ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง ื–ืึทืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืจืึทืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืขืก.

ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื’ืข ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืคื™ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื“ื™ืงื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืึทื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืง. ืื™ืฆื˜, ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ื›ึผื“ื™ ืกื•ืฃ-ืกื•ืฃ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืึท ืžืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื•ืฒึทืœื™ืงืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคึฟื™ืข. ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ... ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืกืขืจื ื– "ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–" ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื‘ื•ืฉื”ื“ื™ืง ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืก.

ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืขืžื™ืœื™ืึธ ืœืึทืจืึท, ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืกื•ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจื•ื ื’. ืื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืื‘ ืืœืขืžืืœ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืกืš ืžืืœ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืœืืจ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข.

Top 3 ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ Emilio Lara

ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจืžืึทื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืขืจื˜ืึท ื“ืขืœ ืกืึธืœ

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ืึทืคึผืœืึธื“ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ื’ื™ื™ื˜. ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืฆื• ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืึทื ืขืงื“ืึธื˜ืึทืœ ื”ืื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื™ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึธืคึฟื™ืฆื™ืขืœืข ืคึฟืึทืงื˜ืŸ, ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคึฟืึทืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึฟื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจืžืึทื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืขืจื˜ืึท ื“ืขืœ ืกืึธืœ ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืœืึทื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงืึทื•ื•ืขืจื“ ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื“ืจื™ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ ืกืึธื•ื ื“ืก ืœืขื’ืึทืžืจืข ืงืึทืคึผื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ...

Josรฉ Rodrรญguez Losada ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜. ื ืื› ืŸ ืคืืจืœืื– ืŸ ื“ ื™ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ ืข ื”ืฒ ื ืืœ ื ืงื™ื ื“ , ืฐืข ื˜ ืข ืจ ื’ืขืฆืฐืื•ื ื’ืข ืŸ ืคื• ืŸ ืคืืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจ ืกื™ื‘ื” , ืฆ ื• ื’ืฒ ืŸ ืื™ ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช , ืคื• ืŸ ื“ืข ืจ ืื‘ืกืืœื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจ ืฉืคืื ื™ืข ืŸ ืคื• ืŸ ืคืขืจื ืื ื“ื ื“ 7. . ืื™ืฆื˜ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, ืึท ืžืขืจ ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ืกื™ืจื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืึท ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื•ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื™ื ื˜ื•ื–ื™ืึทืกื˜ื™ืง, ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืึท ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืœืขืš ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜: ืคืึทืจืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื’ ื‘ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜.

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ ื ืขืคึผืœ, ืึท ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืฉื™ื– ืื™ื ืฆื• ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ, ื“ื–ืฉืึธืกืข ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื: ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืจืขื•ื•ืืœื•ืฆื™ืื ืขืจ ืžืขืงืึทื ื™ื–ืึทื. ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืึธืกืข ื’ืขืจืื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืจื•ืžืจื™ื ื’ืœืขืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื? ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื–ืื’ื˜ ื™ืึธ, ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ืขืจื˜ืึท ื“ืขืœ ืกืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืžื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉืขืจื– ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืขืก ืืžืช?

ืกืขื ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจืขืึทืžืก

ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืงืจื™ื’ ื•ื•ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืื™ืจืข ื”ืืจื‘ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ 1940 ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 1941. ืงื™ื™ื ืžืืœ ื”ืื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจื ืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ื‘ืืžื‘ืืจื“ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืึทื ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืื˜. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืฅ, ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ืงืœืืจ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื– ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืคืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ื“ืขืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืคืขืื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืงืื ืคืœื™ืงื˜. ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืžื™ืœื™ืึธ ืœืึทืจืึท ื™ืกืงื™ื™ืคึผืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคืึธืงื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ืึธืœื˜ืขืจื ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืกื™ื ืขืจื™ืึธื•ื–. ื™ืขื ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื™ื ื›ืึทื‘ืึทื˜ืึทื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜.

ืœืื ื“ืืŸ , 1939 . ื“ ื™ ืžืœื—ืž ื” ืื™ ื– ื ื ืš ื ื™ืฉ ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ืŸ , ืื‘ืข ืจ ื“ ื™ ืฉื˜ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืข ื˜ ื–ื™ ืš ืื•ื™ืค ืŸ ื˜ื ื’ ื ื ืš ื˜ืื’ , ืคืืจืฉืคืจืฒ ื˜ ืžื™ ื˜ ืงืœืฒื  ืข ืงืขืจืคืขืจื . ืžื•ืจื ืคืืจืฉืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืขืฆื” ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืคึผืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืง ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืื™ื– ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’: ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื˜ืึทื ื™ื™ื–ื“. ื‘ืืœื“ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžื‘ืืจื“ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืืฆื™ืื ื™ืจืŸ, ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื ืงืื ื˜ืจื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ืงืœืืกืŸ, ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ืข ืงืขื ื™ื’'ืก ืจืขื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคืœืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื˜ืืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืฉื™ืœ; ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืกืคึผื™ืจืึทืกื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืกืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™, ื•ื•ืึธืœื™ืก ืกื™ืžืคึผืกืึธืŸ, ืฆื• ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืึธืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืคึผืึทืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจ ...

ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื•ื ืงืึทืŸ, ืึท ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืงืก ื˜ืขืจื™ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื™ืฆืขืจ, ื“ื–ืฉื™ืžื™, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื ื’ืœ ื‘ืืฉืœืืกืŸ ืฆื• ืจืึทื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจื™ืŸ, ืึท ืจืขืคึผืึธืจื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืกืงืึทื˜, ืืœืžืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ ื“ื–ืฉื™ืžื™. ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืžืขืจ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ืึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ืงืก ืื•ื™ืก, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืก ืคืึทืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 1940, ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืื˜ ืึท ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ.

ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืžืึทืกื˜ืขืจื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื“ื•ื™ืคืขืง, ืขืžื™ืœื™ืึธ ืœืึทืจืึท ื ืขืžื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืงืึทืคึผื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืึทืึธืก, ืžื•ืจื, ืคืœืึทืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืขืกืึทื ืก. ืœื™ื‘ืข, ืžื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึทืจื•ืžืจื™ื ื’ืœืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืขื ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช. ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืฆื• ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื”ื•ื ื˜.

ืกืขื ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจืขืึทืžืก

ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’

ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืžื™ื˜ืœึพืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืš ืคึฟืึทืจื˜ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคึฟืขืกื˜ืข ืฉืึธื˜ื ืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข. ืื‘ืข ืจ ืื•ื™ ืš ื ืฆืฒื˜ , ืื™ ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืจ ืžื™ ืจ ื–ื’ื™ื ืข ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืŸ ื“ ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืฐืืงืื•ื  ื’ ืคื• ืŸ ื”ื•ืžืื ื™ื–ื . ื•ื•ื™ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜, ื˜ื•ื™ื’ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื’ ื”ืึทืก ืฆื• ืึธื ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืกื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืึทื ื™ื•ื•ืขืกื“ื™ืง ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื’ืขืจื•ื“ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜, ื‘ืืฉื˜ืจืืคื˜ ืคึผืขืจ ืกื™ื™. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ื•ื•ืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืขืจื’ืกื˜ืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจืœืึธื–ื  ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืฒึทืขืจืกื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื›ื ื™ื, ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ื˜ืจืึทื ื–ืขื ื“ืึทื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ.

1212, ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืืจ. ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืงืึทื ื•ื•ืึทืœืฉืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื™ืงื•ื•ืึทืœ ื˜ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืงืจื•ืกืึทื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืึทื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื™ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืคึฟืจืึทื ืงืจื™ื™ึทืš, ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืกื˜ืขืš ื™ื™ื ื’ืœ ืกื˜ืขืคืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืœืึทื ื˜ ืึทื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•: ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืคืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžื•ื ื”. ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืืœืžืื”ืื“ ืงืืœื™ืฃ ืขืœ-ื ืืกื™ืจ ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืืจืžื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืกืขื•ื•ื™ืœืœืข ืฆื• ืžืืจืฉื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ื™ื, ื•ื•ืืก ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ื™ืจืŸ ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคืขืจื“ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทื˜ื™ืงืึทืŸ ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ.

ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื– ื‘ืจืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึทืก ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ. ืื• ืŸ ื“ ื™ ืฒื“ ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืŸ ืจืฉืขื• ืช ื’ืขืจื•ื“ืคื˜ , ื‘ืืจื•ื™ื‘ ื˜ ืื• ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉืื˜ืŸ . ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึทืœื•ืกืึทื ืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ืฆืฆื•ื’... ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืึทืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืึทืŸ ืื™ื“ืœืžืึทืŸ, ื“ืขืจืžืึธืจื“ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืžื‘ื•ืฉ, ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืึทื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผืคึผืข. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืึธืงืขืจ: ืจืึทืงืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืืกืชืจ, ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ืึทืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ; ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืจืึทื ืกืขืกืงืึธ, ืึท ื’ืึทืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื— ื•ื•ืืก ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืฆื• ืจืึทื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืœืœื‘ืขืจ ... ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ื“ื•ืจืš ืœื™ื‘ืข.

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืก. ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช, ืคึฟืึทื ืึทื˜ื™ื–ื ืื•ืŸ ืคื—ื“ื™ื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคึฟืจืฒึทื ื“ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜, ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืคึฟืขื ื•ื ื’. ืึท ื›ืึธืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืง ...

ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’
ืงื•ืจืก ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืŸ

ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’

ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืงื™ืกืžืขื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื. ืœืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืึทืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื˜.