Iincwadi ezi-3 ezilungileyo kakhulu nguFyodor Dostoyevsky

Akukho mntu wayenokuthi uDostoyevsky wanikezela kwiingalo zoncwadi ngenxa yababhali bezothando. Ukuba kukho into enokuqaqanjiswa kuyo enkulu UDostoevsky Kukurhabaxa ngaphakathi kwengqiqo ebambekayo yoluntu nganye nganye kubo.

Kodwa kunjalo. Intshukumo yothando, eyathi, nangona sele ibanjiwe phakathi endaweni yakhe yokubaleka, yayiseyona mpembelelo iphambili kufundo olwalukukutya kokuqala kukaFyodor.

Into ekufuneka ukuba yenzekile kukuba lo mbhali wafumanisa ukuba inyaniso inenkani. Iimeko zeziphithiphithi kunye nokuwohloka kwentlalo yabantu baseRashiya zaphela zizisa olunye uhlobo lweemyuziyam ezazinenyani ngakumbi kwaye zizimisele ukukhangela kwikhefu lokugqibela lomphefumlo.

Kwimbali emnandi ye-aesthetics, ngaphandle koku, ingxabano yayo ngokubanzi yathatha loo mvakalelo yokukruquka okuqhelekileyo, okuncinci okubonakaliswa ngabantu abalawulwa, ngaphezu kwako konke, ngoloyiko kunye nohlobo lokucinga lokufa njengekuphela kwekamva labantu abazinikele kwisizathu se-tsarism. .

Ukongeza kuloo njongo yokubonisa imeko yezentlalo yelizwe lakhe kunye nokukhangela umphefumlo onzulu wabalinganiswa bakhe, uDostoyevski akakwazanga ukuwaphepha amava akhe obomi njengenjongo yokubhala. Kuba isikhundla sakhe kwezopolitiko, sakubonakala, kwaye xa ukuzinikela kwakhe kuncwadi kungathathwa njengokuyingozi, kwaphela kwamkhokelela kwisigwebo sokusebenza ngenkani eSiberia.

Ngethamsanqa wasinda kwisigwebo sokufa ngenxa yeyelenqe kwaye, emva kokusebenza emkhosini waseRashiya njengenxalenye yesibini yesigwebo sakhe, wakwazi ukubhala kwakhona.

Iinoveli ezicetyiswayo nguDostoyevsky

Isidenge

Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo sijongene nenye yeenoveli zabalinganiswa abakhulu. Yonke into eyenzekayo kule noveli yenzeka ngokweembono zaba balinganiswa bapheleleyo boncwadi lwehlabathi. Intambo eqhelekileyo enzima ukuyichaza kwisakhiwo esibalisayo semveli kwaye, nangona kunjalo, yonke into ehambelanayo egqiba ukuqulunqa imephu engenakulinganiswa yokucinga komntu, yeemvakalelo kunye nokuqiqa okugqiba ukusishukumisa sonke.

Umntu ovezwe kungquzulwano, ekulahlekeni, ekuphelelweni lithemba, ugqiba ekubeni arhoxe kuye, afumanise isihogo sakhe kunye neenyani zokugqibela zobukho. Ukuba u-Dostoyevsky wayeyingcali yengqondo, mhlawumbi wayenokugqiba isifo ekujongeni isigulane, kwiimpawu zakhe, kwi-rictus yakhe. Iinkcazo zabalinganiswa kule noveli ngokungafihlisiyo azifumaneki nakweyiphi na enye ipeni.

Isishwankathelo: Kubhalwe ngexesha leminyaka apho uFyodor M. Dostoyevski (1821-1881) ezula-hamba eYurophu ehlukunyezwa ngabantu abatyalwayo, abagulayo nabasweleyo, "I-Idiot" (1868) ngokungathandabuzekiyo yenye yeendawo eziphakamileyo zoncwadi.

Inoveli, uphuhliso lwakhe lujikeleza ingcamango yokumela i-archetype yokuziphatha okugqibeleleyo, ineNkosana uMyshkin njengomdlali oyintloko - umlingiswa ofana noRaskolnikov kuLwaphulo-mthetho kunye nesohlwayo okanye uStavrogin kwi "Iidemon" - ubuntu bakhe, ngokuphawulekayo, inika umsebenzi isihloko sayo.Ukuzalwa kwazo zonke iimpawu ezintle ezinxulumene nomoya wobuKristu, uMyshkin, nangona kunjalo, ngokumangalisayo, akenzi nto ngaphandle kokuphazamisa, kunye nobomi bakhe, obo boninzi lwabo beza kuye.

Ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezohlwayo

Ndiyazi ukuba unokungavumelani malunga nendawo yesibini enikezelweyo kulo msebenzi. Kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo ndandiyithanda i-Idiot kakhulu ngakumbi, ngenxa yento esele ndiyikhankanyile. Kucacile ukuba le noveli, ibhalwe nguye nawuphi na umbhali, iyakuba kwindawo yayo yokuqala kuba le noveli iba yeyona ngxoxo ibalaseleyo yemetaphysical kuncwadi lwehlabathi.

Isishwankathelo: Le ncwadana, enye yezona zinkulu kwaye zihlala zihlala kwiincwadi zehlabathi, ziqulethe ezimbini zeemxholo zeDostoyevsky: ubudlelwane phakathi kwetyala kunye nokujeziswa kunye nombono wamandla okuhlangula ekuhluphekeni kwabantu, ngokubonisa ngamandla ukungqubana phakathi kokulungileyo nokubi , loo mbambano yokuziphatha esesikweni eqhubekayo kumsebenzi wombhali.

Ngaphantsi kwesakhelo sendalo yenoveli yethisisi, ilele imizekeliso kunye nokuziphatha. UDostoyevsky ubona ukuba isohlwayo asisoyikisi mthetho, "kuba sele efuna isohlwayo."

Abazalwana bakaKaramazov

Ulwalamano lwabantu luneziphene. Kungacingelwa ukuba ngokwenene umntu yingcuka yomntu okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, kunokutolikwa ukuba uqeqesho kunye nemfundo ejikeleze iziseko zentlalo ezizinzileyo zidityaniswe ngokuhamba kwexesha malunga nokulungileyo okuvumela intshukumo ngamathuba ukuya ebubini. Izidalwa ziphela zithatha njengento yendalo. Inoveli emalunga nonxibelelwano loluntu. Isibuko sobunyani baseRussia njengomboniso apho sinokuqonda kakuhle naluphi na olunye uluntu.

Isishwankathelo: Kubazalwana bakaKaramázov, umsebenzi wokugqibela kunye nokuyilwa okubalaseleyo kwengcinga yakhe kunye nobugcisa, uphuhlisa ukuqiniseka kwakhe ngemfuno yenguqu enkulu kwintlalo nakwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha yoluntu.

Umbhali ubonakalisa umfanekiso olusizi woluntu lwexesha lakhe kwaye uyayigxeka inkohliso ebangelwe ngamandla emali, inkanuko engalawulekiyo, ukuzingca kunye nehlazo lasemoyeni. Le noveli-umsebenzi wokugqibela wombhali omkhulu-ibonisa umfanekiso ogqityiweyo woluntu lwaseRussia phakathi kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba.

U-Dostoevsky ngumphathi we-quintessential ekupeyinteni ngamagama ngendlela abantu abakha ngayo ubudlelwane obunxaxhileyo, abakhohlisayo nabonakalisa omnye komnye ngemali, kwaye babonakalise inkanuko yesini. Ukufa kukaKaramazov - umnini-mhlaba okhohlakeleyo no-cynical-ubeka ukukrokra koonyana bakhe ababini, abanezizathu ezingaphezulu kwesinye zokuthiya utata wabo.

Unyana wesithathu, u-Alyosha, onobubele nonyulu, ukhululekile kuzo zonke iintlawulo kunye neeprojekthi ezizayo. Le noveli ishwankathela inkxalabo yefilosofi kunye nenkolo kaDostoevsky: ubuzalwana kwindalo iphela, ukuvela kweRashiya "enoburharha", kunye nokubuyela kwimeko yokunyaniseka kwenkolo.