Ukuba kutshanje besithetha ngombhali wemvelaphi yaseRussia Ayn irandi, namhlanje sijongana nomsebenzi womnye umbhali ongumfuziselo wemvelaphi efanayo yeSoviet, iBelarusian USvetlana Alexievich, entsha kraca ibhaso le-nobel loncwadi ngo-2015.
Kwaye ndimzisa kwesi sithuba simdibanisa neRandi kuba bobabini baqamba imisebenzi enxulumene nokugqitha kwabo ngaphaya kwengxelo. URandi unikele ngombono wakhe wefilosofi kwaye uSvetlana usinika umbono wentlalontle kumagama akhe.
Kuzo zombini iimeko umbuzo kukusondela kubuntu njengesiqalo sokuphuhlisa amaqhina eengcinga okanye iziza njengeziganeko ezichanekileyo ezivela kubunyani, xa ingeyonyani epheleleyo, zifuna olo hlaselo lwazi.
USvetlana Alexievich uyenzile incwadi yakhe Umboniso ocacileyo wentlalontle apho isincoko sinendawo, ukuba ayisiyiyo yonke into ephandwe ngabapapashi bezentatheli ayipheleli ekubeni bafaneleke kwimeko yabo ngokuxhasa isincoko.
Ngapha koko, IAlexievich sisalathiso esibalulekileyo sokugqibezela ukujonga ngokubanzi iipanorama zamazwe awayebumba iSoviet Union., malunga neengcambu zayo kwinkulungwane yama-20 eyahlala ixesha elide ngakumbi kwezo ndawo yaza yagqibela ngokuvelisa umfanekiso-ngqondweni ofanayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zabantu abaninzi abatsha abasakhulayo.
Iincwadi ezi-3 eziphezulu ezicetyiswayo nguSvetlana Alexievich
Amazwi avela eChernobyl
Lowo utyikitye apha ngezantsi wayeneminyaka eli-10 ubudala ngo-Epreli 26, 1986. Lo ngumhla wesiphelo apho umhlaba wawukhangele kwintlekele ethile yenyukliya. Kwaye into ehlekisayo kukuba ibingelilo ibhombu elisongelayo ukulidla ilizwe kwiMfazwe Yomlomo eqhubeka isoyikisa emva kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi.
Ukusukela ngala mini UChernobyl wajoyina isichazi-magama sobubi Kwaye nanamhlanje, ukusondela kwiingxelo okanye iividiyo ezijikeleza kwi-intanethi malunga nendawo enkulu yokukhutshwa kuyothusa. Imalunga ne Iikhilomitha ezingama-30 zommandla ofileyo. Nangona ukuzimisela "ofileyo" kungenakuba yinto exakayo. Ubomi ngaphandle kokuthomalalisa buhleli kwizithuba ebezihleli ngaphambili abantu. Kwiminyaka engaphezulu kwama-30 ukusukela kule ntlekele, uhlaza luphumelele ikhonkrithi kwaye izilwanyana zasendle zasekhaya ziyaziwa kweyona ndawo ikhuselekileyo yakha yaziwa.
Kunjalo Ukuchazwa kwimitha yelitha akufuneki kukhuseleke ebomini, kodwa ukungabikho zingqondweni kwesilwanyana kuluncedo apha xa kuthelekiswa nokuba nokwenzeka okukhulu kokufa. Eyona nto yayimbi ngezo ntsuku emva kwentlekele ngokungathandabuzekiyo yayibukusebenzelana nemimoya. ISoviet Ukraine ayizange ibonise umbono opheleleyo ngale ntlekele. Kwaye phakathi kwabemi ababehlala kule ndawo, imvakalelo yokulahlwa isasazeka, ebonakaliswa kakuhle kuthotho lwangoku lwe-HBO malunga nesiganeko. Ngenxa yempumelelo enkulu yolu ngcelele, akukhe kube buhlungu ukufumana kwakhona incwadi entle ephelelisa olu hlaziyo lwentlekele yehlabathi lonke. Kwaye le ncwadi yenye yezo meko apho ubunyani buyiminyaka elula kude nentsomi. Ngenxa yokuba amabali abo kudliwano-ndlebe nabo, ubungqina beentsuku ezimbalwa obubonakala bunqunyanyisiwe kwi-limbo ye-surrealism ngamanye amaxesha obugquma ubukho bethu, benza loo nto yonke yomlingo.
Into eyenzekayo eChernobyl yile nto ithethwa ngala mazwi. Esi siganeko sibangelwe nangasiphi na isizathu, kodwa inyaniso kukuqokelelwa kweziphumo ezichazwe ngabalinganiswa kule ncwadi, nangabanye abaninzi abangasenalo ilizwi. I-naivety apho imicimbi bajongana nayo ngabemi abathile ababezithemba kwiinguqulelo ezisemthethweni iyaphazamisa. Ukufunyanwa kwenyani kuyathakazelisa kwaye kuyothusa iziphumo zalowo uphantsi komhlaba wenuclei eqokelelweyo eqhume ukutshintsha ubuso balo mmandla kumashumi eminyaka ezayo. Incwadi apho sifumana khona ikamva elibuhlungu labanye abahlali abakhohlisiwe kwaye bavezwa sisifo kunye nokufa.
Ukuphela kukaHomo Soviéticus
Ubukomanisi okanye eyona paradox inkulu yesizathu somntu. Iprojekthi eya kubumbano lodidi kunye nobulungisa kwezentlalo yajika yaba yintlekele enkulu.
Ingxaki ilele ekukholelweni ukuba umntu wayenakho ukwambatha izinto ezilungileyo zobukomanisi ezibhengezwe njenge-panacea yentlalo. Kungenxa yokuba intshabalalo yamandla ezandleni ezimbalwa kwaye ngokusisigxina ayihoywa. Ekugqibeleni, beku malunga, njengoko sinokufumanisa kule ncwadi, ubukomanisi baselebhu, ukwahlukaniswa okwenziwe nguAleksievich akhulule ekubhaleni udliwanondlebe nabemi benkqubo eyoyikisayo.
Ngaphakathi kwamabali adlulileyo, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, kodwa amakhulu wobungqina obuphilayo abusekho kwixesha elimanyumnyezi. Eminye imizamo yokuthambisa lo mbandela, njenge-perestroika ka-Gorbachev, ayiphumelelanga ukunciphisa isistim yenkqubo enobubi obugqithisileyo bobungqongqo obungahambelaniyo nophuhliso. Ukuphela kwaloo Homo Soviéticus yayikukuba intlantsi yendaleko ivuswe kwi-inertia yongqingo lwehlabathi kwinkqubo yentshabalalo.
Imfazwe ayinabo ubuso bomfazi
Mhlawumbi ekuphela kwento apho ubukomanisi babusebenzisa ukulingana ngokuchanekileyo kwindawo yayo embi, njengemfazwe. Kungenxa yokuba kule ncwadi sifumana izingqinisiso kwabasetyhini ababandakanyeka kumacala afanayo namadoda awayehlala kuMkhosi oBomvu.
Kwaye mhlawumbi bonke abo, amadoda nabafazi, yayingabo babenezizathu zokuya emfazweni. Kuba emva koHitler, wayenguStalin ngasemva. Iintshaba zobuntu macala omabini. Kuncinci okanye akukho themba leziphumo ezilungileyo kwimeko yoloyiso. Kwaye abo bafazi benza imisebenzi yabo emnyama yasemkhosini kusenokwenzeka ukuba bebengekayazi imeko yabo.
Ngenxa yokuba inkqubo iya kuphinda ithengise umbono wokukhusela ilizwe, iya kuphakamisa ixabiso leSoviet lokulingana kunye nokukhusela okufunekayo kwimeko efunyenweyo. KwiiSoviets, iMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi yayiyindawo yedabi engaqhelekanga eneentshaba zokwenyani kunye neziporho ezikhohlakeleyo ezawenza mnyama lonke ithemba.
Imeko ye-apocalyptic egcwele ubundlobongela bazo zonke iintlobo, ukungabi nathemba kunye noloyiko. Ubungqina obutsha obufunyenwe ngumbhali ukuze buqinisekise, ukususela ekugqabhukeni kokuqala kombono wabasetyhini, intlekele yeentlekele, iimfazwe ezimbi kakhulu zasasazeka kwibala elikhulu ledabi elibizwa ngokuba yi-USSR. Kwaye ngaphandle kwayo yonke into, u-Alexievich ukhupha ubuntu obuyimfuneko kwisamba sembali kwaye uvuse imvakalelo ye-atavistic yokuba imiphefumlo emikhulu ibonakala phakathi kwazo zonke iintlobo zentlupheko kunye nobubi.
