Iincwadi ezi-3 eziphezulu zikaPaul Preston

Njengoko kuhlala kusitsho phakathi kwe-jocular kunye nenyani, ecaleni kwesichazi-magama intsingiselo ye-Hispanism kufuneka ivele ubuso be UPaul preston. Kungenxa yokuba, njengombhali-mbali (kwaye ngokunyanisekileyo ngenzondelelo enkulu kule nkalo I-Hispanic), Lo mbhali wesiNgesi uye waphanda kwaye ekugqibeleni waqokelela kwaye wasasaza omnye weyona misebenzi ibanzi ngokubaluleka nentsingiselo yento eyiSpanishi.

Umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokugcina eli lifa ligcwele inkcubeko, isiko kunye nolwimi, egcinwe kude kube namhlanje njengenye yobutyebi obungabonakaliyo behlabathi.

Akukho mntu ubhetele kunomntu ongaphandle kwesiqalo, ukukhathalela umsebenzi onjalo. Kuba sikhululwe kwimixholo kunye notyekelo, U-Preston ukwazile ukubonelela ngeyona ndawo kujoliswe kuyo, ithala lethala leencwadi elibukhali, ukubeka amachaphaza kwiikomesi nakwiikhoma kuyo yonke into enxulumene nomhlaba kunye nentsingiselo.

Ke nayiphi na incwadi yakhe yamaxesha ahlukeneyo icinga uhlalutyo olungenamiqathango, umnqweno wokuluhambisa ukushiya ubungqina bayo yonke into ebonwayo, efundwayo kunye nefundwayo.

Iincwadi ezi-3 eziphezulu ezicetyiswayo nguPaul Preston

Abantu bangcatshwa

Xa kwakubhalwa u-Lazarillo de Tormes, ubuchwephesha bokukhula kweSpain, loo mxube phakathi kwendlela yokuphila kunye neminqweno yazo zonke i-botarate ezibandakanyeka kwiregidor okanye kwezopolitiko, yayisandula ukugwetywa.

Ayikuko ukuba bonke babekhona, kodwa phakathi kwabo bonke abo bafikelela emandleni, uninzi lwabalinganiswa besikhokelo, baphola ngenxa yeenkulungwane ezininzi kamva ngobuyatha Intlambo yaseIncln. Umbukeli onobuqili kunye nomlobi onobuchule obunjengaye uPaul Preston ngokuqinisekileyo uya kumangaliswa kukususwa kwempumelelo kwezikhokelo ezininzi ezikrelekrele ngokuthanda iichubps zesyphophantic abathi phantse rhoqo, njengakwiinoveli ezimnyama, baphele bephumelela.

Kwincwadi ebanzi ebhaliweyo yalo mbhali wesiNgesi, lo mqulu usebenza njengokudibanisa okanye ubuncinci njengokudityaniswa kwamabali afanelekileyo kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX ephawulwe ubukhulu becala nguzwilakhe okanye urhwaphilizo kwaye nangona oku kugqithile kwizona ndawo zikude ze ezopolitiko, ezandleni zokungabikho kwimeko ezininzi. Nangona ekugqibeleni kulandela ukuba kwakungekho lula ukungabinako kodwa ukukhonza kubantu abakhethiweyo apho amaqela omabini aqhubeka khona ngokuzithemba.

Obo kukungcatsha okukhulu, ukugcinwa kwezibabalo ezinikezelwa njengesikhokelo esisigxina, isiko elonakalisayo eliguqula abezopolitiko ngakumbi kunabahanahanisi ukuba babe ngabagxeki abangazange bajonge iimfuno zoluntu ngaphaya kwesiseko esisezantsi soloko boyiswa ziindidi ezithandwayo. Kodwa ke, konke oku kukuthathwa kwam kwibali le-aseptic eligxile kwiinyani ukuze ngumfundi ogqiba ukugweba nokuthobela ukugxekwa.

Imfazwe yamakhaya yaseSpain (uhlelo oluhlaziyiweyo)

Ukuphononongwa kwenye yeencwadi ezafumanisa u-Preston njengomnye wabaphandi abaphambili kwimbali yethu yamva nje.

Inqaku lokuphonononga owakhe umsebenzi kwimpucuko yabamnyama kwezentlalo nakwezopolitiko phakathi kowe-36 nowe-39 kungenxa yophando olutsha lokukhanyisa kwimiba ebethethwe ekuqaleni kule ncwadi. Kwaye kulungile ukugxeka wena kwaye uqwalasele ukuphinda kugqitywe ngokupheleleyo okwandisa ukugxila kwezo ntsuku apho isiqingatha seSpain salwa ne-duetidal duel ngokuchasene nesinye isiqingatha.

U-Preston uqala ngeprolegomena engalunganga yongquzulwano, iRiphabhlikhi, ihlala ilinganayo, kunye nokuqhambuka kobundlobongela nakwicala lakhe. Emva koko sijongana nokuqhambuka kweMfazwe kunye nemiba eyahlukeneyo emisela i-GCE kwimeko engaqhelekanga yehlabathi. Kungenxa yokuba uFranco ufumene uncedo kumacala athile azokujongana kungekudala kwi-WWII, engayekiyo ukubonisa indlela yokuzenzela ngokwakho kwezopolitiko zamazwe aphesheya.

Ngaphandle komxholo ngokubanzi, uPreston uphonononge imiba eneenkcukacha ezimangazayo, ejongana nezinto ezithile zabalinganiswa abohlukeneyo kunye neninzi yeziganeko ezigqibela ngokuqulunqa indalo ethile engendawo emfazweni. Incwadi ebalulekileyo kuye nabani na ofuna ukwazi ukuba kwenzeka ntoni phakathi kwe-1936 kunye ne-1939, kunye neentshayelelo kunye neziphumo zayo. Kungenxa yokuba le ncwadi ikwagqibela ngokujongana nelo lifa phakathi kwabo bangathandekiyo beFrancoism kunye neendlalifa zeRiphabhlikhi ezazingasoloko ziyazi indlela yokuqinisekisa ubungqina bayo kwisidima sokugqibela kwaye oko kubizwa ngokuba yiMemori yezeMbali kuhlala kusindwa zizakhiwo kunye noloyiko.

UFranco (uhlelo oluhlaziyiweyo)

Kwincwadi yam «Iingalo zomnqamlezo wam«, A ucronía ngendiza kaHitler eya eArgentina, ndaya kumfanekiso kaFranco kwisahluko. Okanye ngaphezulu kwenani lakhe elenze uzwilakhe wagqibela ngokufa ngoxolo ebonisa kude kube sekuphefumlweni kwakhe.

Nokuba ngumfanekiso okanye ziintetho zakhe ezinamanzi wayenokuqwalaselwa njengophawu oluya kubonakalisa ubukho bakhe, ukanti ebekhona iminyaka engama-40. Ininzi yayinento yokwenza nomdla walo mzuzu kunye namathuba okunyanzela angoozwilakhe owayesazi imozulu ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi nasemva kwayo ngelixa eqhubeka nentshutshiso yokuchasana kwangaphakathi. Inqaku lelokuba ngokungathandabuzekiyo ungumlingiswa onomdla wesifundo esifana neso senziwa nguPreston kwesi sihlandlo kwaye kwii-avatat zakhe aqhubeka nokuqokelela ulwazi ngakumbi olufakwe kulo mqulu mtsha. Okucacileyo ngolu papasho lutsha bubunzima obukhulu bebhongo bokufezekisa ezona njongo zimasikizi.

UFranco wayenamabhongo nge-ego yakhe, nangaphezulu kwembambano ye-impiriyali eyathi ekugqibeleni yaya ngqo kwizothuko nakusizi eyayithengisa "ilizwe lakowayo" kwelona bhidi liphezulu ukuze lisikwe. Ukuzithanda nokuzithanda kwabanye oozwilakhe abanamandla, nangona kunjalo uFranco wayeyazi indlela yokwenza umgaqo-nkqubo ongaphantsi komhlaba wokusinda kwakhe njengenkokeli. UPaul Preston uhlele incwadi yokuqala kuFranco ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamashumi amabini eyadlulayo kwaye ngoku uyigqibe ngobuchule kuphando olutsha nakwimiba egqibeleleyo.