Vanyori gumi vakanaka veFrench

Chokwadi ndechekuti rondedzero yechiFrench inotonga vazhinji vevatauri vepasirese vakuru nevatauri. Kubva nezuro nanhasi. Kunyangwe kutenderedza nzvimbo yechinomwe kana yechisere pakati pemitauro inonyanya kutaurwa pasirese, kubatwa kwenziyo kwemutauro wechiFrench kwagara kuchifadza vaverengi vazhinji. Asi hapana chingave cheichi chinyorwa chechiFrench pasina vanyori varo vakuru. Kubva Victor Hugo o Alexander dumas vakakwira Dzikame, vazhinji vevanyori vechiFrench vanopa kare mabasa epasi rose.

Ichokwadi kuti mune zvandinosarudza zve vanyori vakanaka venyika imwe neimwe Ini ndinowanzo kutarisa nezve XNUMXth uye XNUMXst mazana emakore, zvakanyanya ini ndinonunura mumwe munyori kubva muzana ramakore reXNUMX. Iri pamusoro pekusarudza kubva pakuona kwemaonero ane hukama hwakakura hwemitauro, hongu. Asi chinhu ndechekuti, kana tikawana purists, ndeipi nyanzvi ingatsunga kuratidza Jules Verne seari nani pane Proust uye zvichibva pane chii ...?

Saka, kana kubva padanho repamutemo kana redzidzo zvisingaite kumaka izvo zvakanakisa, isu tinofanirwa kunge tiri mafeni akapusa anozvitangisa kunongedzera nekungonongedza zvezvatinoda. Zvino ini ndosiya zvangu. Sarudzo yei kwandiri ndeye pamusoro pegumi nevanyori vepamusoro muFrance.

Vepamusoro gumi vakakurudzirwa vanyori vechiFrench

Alexander Dumas. chiitiko chinokosha

Kwandiri, muverengi mukuru wezvinyorwa zvemazuva ano, chero munyori wekare anotanga nekukanganisa. Kunze kwenyaya yaAlexandre Dumas. His Count of Monte Cristo inofananidzwa neQuixote chete kuti, mukuwedzera, yake yakasviba yakatarisana nekutsiva, nhamo, kushungurudza moyo, destiny uye chero chimwe chinhu chinonongedza kune epic kubva kuzvinhu zvakapesana serwendo rwakaita rwendo rwehupenyu kuenda kuzvinhu zvehukuru hwevanhu. udzamu.

Asi ndezvekuti, kuwedzera kune zvambotaurwa kune rimwe basa rinokosha. Zvese zvakabuda muchibhakera, tsamba nechinyoreso chemunyori wepasi rose uyu. Alexander dumas Vakagadzira iyo Count yeMonte Cristo uye ivo vatatu musketeers. Iwo maviri mabasa, uye zvakazouya zvakadii pamusoro peavo mavara, akaisa Dumas pamusoro pevanyori vevanyori. Ehezve, sezvazvinowanzoitika nguva dzose, basa raAlexander Dumas rakakura zvikuru, rine mabhuku anodarika makumi matanhatu akaburitswa emarudzi akasiyana siyana. Novel, theatre kana rondedzero, hapana chakapunyuka chinyoreso chake.

Europe pakati pezana-regumi nemapfumbamwe century yakange yakakamurwa zvizere mumakirasi, akatotemerwa zvakananga nehupfumi kupfuura mazita, madzitateguru uye strata zvinoenderana neimwe mhando ye "huranda." Uranda hutsva hwaive hwakasimba shanduko yeindasitiri, muchina uri kukura. Iko kushanduka kwaive kusingamiswe uye kusaenzana kwakakurumbira mumaguta makuru ekunze evazhinji vagari. Dumas aive munyori akazvipira, werondedzero yakakurumbira, yezvikamu zvine hupenyu uye nechinangwa chekuparadzira zvakanaka nezvakaipa, asi nguva dzose nechinangwa chekushoropodza.

Mhosva ine imwe yeazvino edition ye "The Count of Monte Cristo":

Julio Verne. zvikuru kupfuura fungidziro

Kutamba uye fungidziro inoenderana nenyika iri padanho remazuva ano sechinjo isinganzwisisike mushure mekusaziva, ngano dzekare uye zvitendero zvinokwana zvishoma nezvishoma nenyika ichauya. Jules Verne ndiye akanakisa nhoroondo yekuchinja kwenguva kubva pakuona kwakanaka kunoshanda sedimikira uye hyperbole.

Jules Verne yakabuda semumwe wevatungamiriri vesainzi ngano genre. Beyond his poems and his forays into dramaturgy, his figure made his way and transcended to this day in that narrative side towards the ends of the known world uye miganhu yemunhu. Zvinyorwa sechiitiko uye nyota yeruzivo.

Mukati megumi nemapfumbamwe-zana enharaunda yekugara yemunyori uyu, nyika yakafamba mune inosimudzira pfungwa yemazuva ano yakawanikwa nekuda kweiyo Industrial Revolution. Mashini nemimwe michina, michina michina inokwanisa kudzikamisa basa nekufamba nekukurumidza kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe, asi panguva imwechete nyika ichiri nerutivi rwayo rwerima, risingazivikanwe zvachose nesainzi. Mune iyoyo isina-murume-nyika pakanga paine nzvimbo huru ye Jules Verne zvinyorwa zvisikwa. Mweya wekufamba uye mweya usingazorore, Jules Verne aireva nezvekuti pakanga pachine zvakawanda sei zvekuziva.

Isu tose takaverenga chimwe chinhu naJules Verne, kubva paudiki kwazvo kana atova nemakore. Uyu munyori anogara aine pfungwa yekukurudzira kune chero zera uye madingindira ezvese zvaanoda.

Victor Hugo. mweya epic

Munyori akadai Víctor Hugo anova chirevo chakakosha kuona nyika pasi peiyo prism yerudo yakajairika yenguva yake. Maonero epasirese akachinja pakati peesoteric neazvino, nguva iyo michina yakagadzira hupfumi hweindasitiri uye kusuwa mumaguta akazara vanhu. Nguva iyo mumaguta mamwe chetewo maigara kubwinya kwemabhurosi matsva nerima reboka revashandi iro mamwe madenderedzwa akaronga mukuedza nguva dzose kwekuchinja kwevanhu.

Kusiyanisa izvo Victor Hugo aiziva kutora basa rake rekunyora. Manovhero akazvipira kune zvinonangwa, aine chinangwa chekushandura neimwe nzira uye ine hupenyu, ine hupenyu hwekuronga. Nyaya dzichiri kuverengwa nhasi nekuyemurwa kwechokwadi kwechimiro chadzo chakaoma uye chakakwana. Les Miserables raive iro bhuku repamusoro, asi pane zvakawanda zvekuwana mumunyori uyu.

Marcel Proust. Uzivi hwakaita nharo

Chipo chakatarwa kwazvo dzimwe nguva chinoita kunge chinoda kubhadharisa muyero. Marcel Proust aive nezvakawanda zvemusiki akazvarwa, asi mukupesana akakura ari mwana wehutano hwakagwinya. Kana pamwe zvese zvaive nekuda kwehurongwa hwakafanana. Kubva pautera, kunzwira kwakakosha kunowanikwa, fungidziro pamucheto wehupenyu, mukana usingaenzaniswi wekutarisa chipo chekusika kumatambudziko ehupenyu. kuvapo.

Nekuti kubva pautera chete kupandukira kunogona kuzvarwa, kuda kutaura kusagutsikana uye kusava netariro. Zvinyorwa, chivako chemweya chakatemerwa kune njodzi, sublimation yevakakundwa uye kuratidzwa kusinganzwisisike kwekuti isu tiri ani chaizvo. Pakati pekuchinja pakati pezana ramakore rechiXNUMX nerechiXNUMX, Proust aiziva zvirinani kupfuura chero ani zvake nzira yekutsanangudza tsananguro yekurarama, achipa kuzvishuvo zvehujaya hwake kuti azviunganidze paakasvika pakukura.

Vanoda Proust vanowana mune yake huru yehunyanzvi "Mukutsvaga nguva yakarasika" kunakidzwa kwekunyora kunonakidza, uye mamwe mavhoriyamu anofambisa nzira kune iyo inoshamisa iripo raibhurari mune mafomati emamiriro:

Kune rimwe divi, chinetso chikuru mukunyora zviripo fungidziro iri mune inogona kuitika zvechokwadi huzivi. Kuti udzivise iri simba repakati rinotungamira munyori kuenda kumatsime epfungwa uye inodzikamisa mavara uye marongero, pfungwa yekukosha inodiwa, mupiro wekufungidzira kana chiito chinopa simba (kufunga, kufungisisa kunogona zvakare kuve chiito, kusvika padanho ravano fambisa muverengi pakati pekunzwa, pakati pemafungiro mune isina kumbomira nguva). Chete muchiyero icho chaigona Proust kugadzira rake rakakura basa Mukutsvaga kweNguva Yakarasika, iyo seti yemanovekodhi akarukwa pamwechete netambo mbiri, kunakirwa kana kusimba uye kunzwa kwekurasikirwa, kwedambudziko.

Pakupedzisira akafa ave nemakore makumi mana nemapfumbamwe, zvingangoita kuti basa rake munyika ino, kana nyika ino iine chinangwa kana chinangwa, ichave yakavharwa zvakanaka. Basa rake ndirwo musangano wemabhuku.

Marguerite Yourcenar. Chinyoreso chakanyanya kushandiswa

Vanyori vashoma vanozivikanwa vakaita pseudonym zita ravo repamutemo, kure netsika kana kushandiswa kwakakurumbira kunoshandira chikonzero chekushambadzira, kana izvo zvinomiririra kuvharika kwemunyori kuti ave munhu akasiyana. Panyaya ye Marguerite crayencour, kushandiswa kwezita rake rine anagrammed rakatorwa, paakangove mugari weUS muna 1947, ari munzvimbo yepamutemo yaitove nemukurumbira pasi rose Yourcenar.

Pakati peanecdotal uye yakakosha, chokwadi ichi chinonongedza kushanduko yemahara pakati pemunhu nemunyori. Nokuti Marguerite crayencour, yakatsaurirwa kumabhuku muratidzirwo dzawo dzose; muongorori wemabhii kubva kwaakatangira echinyakare; uye nekuwanda kwehungwaru hwake kune rondedzero erudition muchimiro uye chinhu, aigara achifamba nechido chakasimba uye kuzvipira kwekunyora kusingachinjiki senzira yehupenyu uye segwara uye humbowo hunokosha hwemunhu munhoroondo.

Kuzvidzidzisa-yega kudzidziswa kwekunyora, kwakafanana nemukadzi ane hudiki hwakabatana neHondo Huru, kunetseka kwake kwenjere kwakasimudzirwa kubva pamufananidzo wababa vake. Nemabviro ayo ehutongi, akarohwa nehondo huru yekutanga yeEurope, chimiro chababa vanorima chakabvumira kupihwa simba kwemukadzi wechidiki ane chipo.

Mumazuva ake ekutanga semunyori (mumakore ake ekutanga makumi maviri akange atonyora bhuku rake rekutanga) akaita basa iri kuti rienderane nekuturikira vanyori vakuru veAnglo-Saxon vakaita savake muchiFrench chake. Virginia Woolf o Henry James.

Uye chokwadi ndechekuti muhupenyu hwake hwese akaenderera mberi nebasa iri rakapetwa rekugadzira zvisikwa zvake kana kununura kuFrench mabasa akakosha kwazvo pakati pemaGreek classics kana chero zvimwe zvisikwa zvaimurova pakufamba kwake nguva zhinji.

Marguerite's oeuvre yake inocherechedzwa semuunganidzwa wemabasa akakwenenzverwa, azere nehuchenjeri muchimiro chakaomarara sekuvhenekera kwairi. Manovhero, nhetembo kana nyaya dzemunyori wechiFrench uyu anosanganisa chimiro chakajeka nechinhu chinopenya. Kuzivikanwa kwekuzvipira kwake kose kwakauya nekubuda kwake semukadzi wekutanga kupinda muFrench Academy, kumashure muna 1980. Heino bhuku rine zvimwe zvezvinyorwa zvake:

Annie Ernaux. bio fiction

Hapana mabhuku akazvipira seaya anoburitsa chiono che autobiographical. Uye hazvisi zvekukwevera ndangariro uye zviitiko kuti vagadzire zano kubva kune zvakanyanya kunyanyisa mamiriro akatarisana munguva dzakasviba dzenhoroondo. Kuna Annie Ernaux, zvese zvinorondedzerwa zvinotora imwe nhanho nekuita kuti chiitiko chive chokwadi mumunhu wekutanga. Chinhu chiri pedyo chinofashukira nehuchokwadi. Nhamba dzake dzekunyora dzinowana chirevo chikuru uye kuumbwa kwekupedzisira ishanduko yechokwadi yekugara mimwe mweya.

Uye mweya waErnaux unobata nekunyora, kubatanidza kuchena, clairvoyance, shungu uye mbishi, rudzi rwehungwaru hwepfungwa pabasa remhando dzese dzenyaya, kubva pakuona kwemunhu wekutanga kutevedzera hupenyu hwemazuva ese hunozopedzisira hwatirova isu tese mune chero ipi zvayo. zviitiko zvakaratidzwa kwatiri.

Nesimba risingajairiki rekubatana kwakazara kwemunhu, Ernaux anotiudza nezve hupenyu hwake nehupenyu hwedu, anoronga mamiriro akaita semitambo yemitambo apo tinopedzisira tazviona padanho tichidzokorora zvakajairwa soliloquies zvinogadzirwa nemifungo uye kudonha kwe psyche yakatemwa. kujekesa zviri kuitika nehupenzi hwekuvandudza ndiko kuvapo kunosaina zvakafanana kundera.

Hatina kuwana muzvinyorwa zvemunyori uyu Mubayiro weNobel weMabhuku 2022 rondedzero inomanikidzwa nechiito sechitsigiro chechirongwa. Uye zvakadaro zvine mashiripiti kuona kuti hupenyu hunofambiswa sei neisinganzwisisike kunonoka cadence yenguva kuti pakupedzisira kusundidzirwa, mukupesana kunoshamisa, kusvika pakufamba kwemakore ayo asingafadzwe. Mabhuku akaita mashiripiti ekufamba kwenguva pakati pezvinonetsa zvevanhu zvepedyo. Heino rimwe remabhuku ake anozivikanwa zvikuru:

Michel Houellebecq. chiFrench bukowski

kubva uyo Michael Thomas, akaburitsa bhuku rake rekutanga neimba yekutsikisa ine mukurumbira asi kubva kune vadiki veelitist, akatodhonza maonero ake asina kurongeka, asidhi uye yakakosha kumutsa hana kana viscera. Neiyo rondedzero-bellicose mood, zvishoma zvandaigona kufungidzira kuti yaizoguma yavhurika kune vaverengi kubva kune ese maspectrum. Iyo sophistication iri pazasi pechirongwa inogona kupedzisira yave yakanaka kune chero muverengi kana iyo fomu, iyo yekurongedza, iyo yakananga mutauro ichibvumira kupinda kune iyo nzvimbo yehungwaru. Izvo zvakafanana, kuziva nzira yekutsvedza pakati pechiito chipenyu, chipimo chehemlock. Pakupedzisira, Michel akasasa basa rake nemabhuku anopokana uye akashoropodzwa nehasha. Pasina kupokana, izvo zvinoreva kuti rondedzero yake inomutsa uye inonyandura mweya unotsoropodza wemuverengi chero upi zvake.

Y Michel Houellebecq anozadzisa chiyero ichocho muzvinhu zvese zvaanovavarira kutaura. Mune mutoo we Paul auster kuparadzira fungidziro yake pakati pezvinyorwa zvazvino, ngano dzesainzi kana zvinyorwa. Kuenzanisa nguva dzose kunomutsa kusava nechokwadi. Uye chokwadi ndechekuti yazvino, yazvino, rondedzero yekuongorora haimboteedzere nzira dzakafanana pakati pevagadziri vayo veavant-garde. Asi iwe unofanirwa kuvimba nechimwe chinhu kuti usimbise kukosha kwemunyori. Kana, kwandiri, Houellebecq distill essences yeAuster dzimwe nguva, zvakanaka, ndozvazvinogara ...

Iyo yesainzi yekunyepedzera chikamu chayo chinhu chandinoda chaizvo pamusoro pemunyori uyu. Naizvozvowo Margaret Atwood yakapihwa mubhuku rake Musikana akapfuma-inosimudza hana dystopia, Michel akaita zvimwechete neyake ichangoburwa "Kugona kwechitsuwa", imwe yenyaya idzo, nekufamba kwenguva, inowana kukosha kwainako, kana nguva dzasvika pamberi pekufunga. musiki akaguma neinovhero iyi. Kune vamwe, pane zvakawanda zvekusarudza kubva mu "Michel de surname unpronounceable", uye heano mazano angu pamusoro pazvo ... Heino rimwe remabhuku ake ekupedzisira:

Albert Camus. existentialism semutambo

Semunyori akanaka aripo, pamwe achimiririra zvakanyanya maitiro aya, Albert Camus aiziva kuti aifanira kunyora kare. Zvinonzwisisika kuti mumwe wevanyori akaedza zvakanyanya kushandisa ngano kuti asvike mweya mune yayo yekupedzisira pfungwa, kubuda semunyori kubvira hudiki achisundira iyo zivo yehupenyu. Kuvapo senge renje iro rinotambanuka kamwechete pahucheche rakasiiwa.

Kubva pamusiyano uyu wakazvarwa nekukura kunouya kupatsanurwa kwaCamus, kunzwa kuti, kana uchinge uri kunze kweparadhiso, munhu anogara ari ega, mune fungidziro yekuti chokwadi hupenzi hwakavanzwa sekutenda, zvinangwa uye zvinokurudzira.

Zvinoita sezvisingafadzi, uye ndizvozvo. Kuti Camus avepo kusahadzika zvese, kusvika pakugumira pakupenga. Manovhero ake matatu akadhindwa (tinofanira kuyeuka kuti akafa aine makore makumi mana nematanhatu) anotipa maonero akajeka echokwadi chedu, kuburikidza nevatambi vakarasika mavari. Uye zvakadaro zvinoshamisa kuzviisa pasi pemunhu iyeye asina kupfeka hunyanzvi. Kunakidzwa kwechokwadi kwezvinyorwa uye zvenjere. Heino imwe yeazvino edition ye "The Foreigner":

Fred Vargas. Iyo yakanyanya kunaka noir

Ini pachangu ndinofunga izvozvo kana munyori achida Fred vargas inoramba iine kupenya kwakakwana mumutikitivha pamusoro pemhando zhinji dzevatema, zvinofanirwa kunge zviri nekuti iye achiri kuda kukudziridza hunyanzvi hwenhau yeutikitivha, panofa rufu nekuparwa kwemhosva kunoonekwa sekusanzwisisika uye zano rinoenderera mberi pakuwanikwa kwemhondi, mune chinetso chakatemerwa muverengi.

Kana hoko iyi yakaringana, hapana chikonzero chekutendeukira kune zvimwe zvishongedzo zvakatsvuka kana zviwanikwa zveamoral zvinosasa mapoka ese emagariro. Neizvi handisi kutsausa kubva kumabhuku ehutsotsi (zvakasiyana, sezvo iri imwe yemhando dzandinofarira), asi ndiri kusimbisa kugona kushamisa. Connan doyle o Agatha Christie apo zvinoita sokuti zvinhu zvose zvakanyorwa munzvimbo iyoyo.

Ichokwadi kuti ngano kana kunyange inonakidza kubata kwakatenderedza chiitiko ichi kunogona kupa runako rwakakosha uku uchisundira muverengi kumamiriro ezvinhu uko kuferefetwa kunofembera nezvinhu esoteric, asi imomo ndimo mune Fred Vargas hunyanzvi kuyananisa zvese nezvakanaka zvine hungwaru a la Sherlock Holmes.

Saka kuonga kwangu kwese kumunyori kuseri kwezita rekunyepedzera raFred Vargas uye kutsunga kwake kunyora mapurisa akachena nekurangarira zvakavanzika zvekare zvakaverengerwa mumabhuku ake mashoma. Kunyangwe chiri chokwadi zvakare kuti magnetism anotyisa erudzi rwemhando yepamusoro anogara achiguma kuzadza zvimwe zviitiko ...

Ini ndinonunura bhuku rakasiyana naFred Vargas nemuchengeti waro Adamsberg se protagonist mune akasiyana mamiriro:

Jean-Paul Sartre. Kubwinya kwakadzurwa

Kufungidzira kwakanyanya kuzvipira kumunhu, uye kuitirwa kumhedzisiro, kunogara kuchinongedzera kuruboshwe, kunzanga, kudzivirirwa kwenyika kune mugari uye nekunyanyisa kwemusika uyo, wakasunungurwa kubva pazvisungo zvese, unoguma uchigumira kuwana hupfumi (Dai musika waibvumidzwa zvese, zvaizopedzisira zvazvideredza, izvo zviri pachena mune yazvino maitiro.

Kuva anofungidzira mune iyi pfungwa uye anovepoistist kunze kwehunyanzvi hwekutenda kwakamutungamira Jean Paul Sartre (naani zvake aive mudzimai wake Simone de Beauvior), kune angangoita asina kujeka mabhuku sebasa rekusimudzira-uye kune mamwe marudzi ezvinyorwa zvekurondedzera senge rondedzero yakaedza kuripa kupfeka nekucheka kweiye anorwira hofori nesimba, hushingi uye simba. Existentialism mune yakanyanyisa kunyora uye kuzvipira uye kuratidzira mune chero imwe nzvimbo yekunyora pakati pezvemagariro nehunyanzvi.

Kuve uye hapana chingangove chako rakajeka basa, rehunyanzvi tinge asi nerondedzero yemagariro yeEurope yakaparadzwa mushure meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri. Iri rakakosha bhuku nenjere Sartre iyo yakarera vanofunga asiwo literati. Iyo nzira yekufambisa nyika (kana izvo zvakasara nezvayo), iyo yakashanda senge anthropological kudzidza asi zvakare yakave sosi yeiyo yepedyo account yevakawanda uye yakawanda kwazvo intra-nhoroondo dzevakakundwa muhondo (ndokuti, )