Pofuna kudziwa wolemba wabwino kwambiri mdziko muno, ndibwino kutengera mgwirizano wazikhalidwe zadziko. Ndipo ku Germany ambiri mwamtheradi amatsimikiza Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ngati wolemba nkhani wamkulu yemwe adabadwa ndikuponda pamtunda.
Ndani akudziwa ngati kupambana kwa chikhalidwe chimenecho kunali cholinga chake chachikulu. Chodziwika bwino ndi chakuti ndi ntchito zake ankafuna kukhalapo kwa moyo wosafa. Faust Wake, katswiri wapadziko lonse lapansi, amalowa m'dziko la nzeru, chidziwitso, makhalidwe, chirichonse chomwe chimakhudza munthu m'chisinthiko chake chokwanira komanso chovuta kwambiri.
Koma Goethe anali wachikondi, chachikulu koposa zonse, mwina. Ndipo izi zikutanthauza cholinga chauzimu ngakhale kwa esoteric. Cholinga cha Goethe chingakhale choposa kukhala wolemba wamaphunziro, kuti akwaniritse chizindikiro cha wolemba yemwe amayenda mu moyo wa munthu, kupita kumwamba kapena ku gehena. Sizokhudza kupeza mayankho amphamvu kapena zolinga zenizeni, koma kusonkhanitsa zokumana nazo zenizeni ndi malingaliro olemera kwambiri.
Chifukwa kudziwa ... sayansi inali kale mmenemo, m'magulu ake osiyanasiyana wolemba wodabwitsayu analowereranso. Kuchokera pamawonekedwe okhwima monga Optics ndi osteology kupita ku chemistry kapena geology. Mosakayikira Goethe adayendetsa nkhawa zake zonse momwe angathere, nthawi zonse kufunafuna magawo atsopano oti apeze ndi kuphunzira. Monga kaphatikizidwe ka kuthekera kwake kwakukulu, Goethe adasankhanso ndale, pomwe kuti akhale wandale adafunafuna olima komanso amphatso ...
Goethe anakhala ndi zaka 82. Ndipo cholembedwacho chimakhala mpaka kalekale. M'zaka zake zomaliza monga wolemba zolembera, zochepa mwazokondweretsazo zidatsalira ndipo wolemba wakale kwambiri adatulukira, chinthu chachilendo kwa wolemba yemwe adakwera pakati pa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu ndi cha khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. M'zaka zambiri za moyo, umboni wake unali wofunikira kwambiri m'mbiri ya Europe. Mothandizidwa ndi olemba ena ambiri ndikuwalingalira, mwina limodzi ndi Leonardo Da Vinci, munthu wanzeru kwambiri m'mbiri ...
Mabuku apamwamba a Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Kukongola
Faust nthawi zonse anali munthu wopeka wachabechabe waumunthu, chifuniro chopanda malire komanso kukhumba. Zomwe zili zodabwitsanso za Faust ndikuti cholinga chonsechi ndichabwino ngakhale kuti sichabwino.
Ndipo kuchokera pamfundo yolemetsayi yomwe ndi mtundu wamba, Goethe adadziwa momwe angapangire imodzi mwa mabuku abwino kwambiri, okhoza kuphatikiza malingaliro onse amunthu, kuyambira okonda kwambiri mpaka amantha kwambiri.
Chifukwa nthawi zonse pamakhala chifukwa chochitira ndi kuchita. Tonsefe ndife Faust, okhoza kulingalira zogulitsa moyo wathu kwa satana posinthana ndi kukhala ndi moyo wathunthu. Kudzaza nthawi zonse kumakhala nkhani yokwaniritsa chifuniro chathu chazidziwitso, ndipo mwakuti tikusiya miyoyo yathu ...
Malipiro ndi kukhala kwathu ndi mdierekezi..., koma chimenecho chidzakhala mu moyo wina, mukangochoka padziko lino lapansi ndi mapazi anu poyamba ndi kumwetulira kozizira chifukwa chakwaniritsa zonse, kuchokera ku chidziwitso chochuluka mpaka chidziwitso. chisangalalo. Limenelo linali lingaliro la Fausto, chifukwa chake anagulitsa moyo wake. Ndipo komabe, ku Faust timapeza kukhumudwa kwakukulu komwe kulipo.
Kupatula apo, mdierekezi amadziwa zomwe ziripo malinga ndi zofooka zathu podziwa zonse ndikuphatikizira chilichonse. Goethe adadziwa kukweza nthano iyi pagulu lamasewera apamwamba kwambiri amunthu, pamtunda wa Comedy Yaumulungu wa Dante.
Zaka Zophunzira za Wilhelm Meister
Buku losangalatsa kwambiri ili laikidwa m'manda ndi Fausto. Ndizowonjezereka kuti zitalembedwa ndi olemba ambiri m'mbiri yakale, zikanakwera kufika pamtunda wa ntchito yaikulu kwambiri, koma pa nkhani ya Goethe, imakhalabe pamalo achiwiri ... Ndipo, monga ndikunena, izi. novel ili ndi mphamvu zambiri.
Wolemba wanzeru amatsogolera khalidweli mwa kufanizira kuphunzira madera onse, kuyambira makamaka kufikira nzeru, kupatsa mphamvu, kudziwa zachilengedwe. Wakale wokalamba Wihelm Meister amalankhula ndi anzeru kwambiri, amaganizira zomwe waphunzira.
Koma khalidweli limadziwanso kuwonetseredwa kwazaluso ndipo limalowa mwachilengedwe kufunafuna tanthauzo la chilichonse. Ndipo ngakhale mawonekedwe ophunzitsirawa ali ndiubwenzi wambiri, womvetsetsa za munthu yemwe akuyenda panjira yake, wosangalala ndi moyo.
Zolakwika za Young Werther
Mu nthawi ya Goethe kulemba mabuku achikondi kunali chinthu china. Zinatenga nthawi yayitali kuti pinki isanapange zazing'ono komanso zowoneka bwino (Hei, takulandirani ku mtundu wapano).
Chikondi monga kutsutsana munthawi ya Goethe chinali chofunikira kwambiri. Kupanga kwa epistolary kwa bukuli kumalola munthu woyamba kufikira zilakolako ndi zowawa za chikondi.
Kukula kwamakhalidwe amunthu wokondana komanso tsoka lakugwa ngati njira yoyipa yakubuda, kubwezera kapena kudziwononga.
Chikondi chitha kukhala gawo lachonde loti mugawane kapena bwinja lokhala ndi zomverera zotheka kuthana ndi zifukwa zonse, chifuniro chonse. Werther ndi Carlota, kuphatikiza mchimwene wa Werther, a Guillermo.
Pakati pa atatuwo pamakhala nkhani yachikondi yomwe imatiitanira kuti tiwone kupitirira zilembo, kuti timvere nkhonya ya wotumiza pazomwe wowerenga adakumana nazo.
