Zolemba za Chirasha zili ndi Sindikudziwa zomwe zimakhala zonyozeka, monga kuganiza kuti kuzizira poyembekezera kasupe sikukwanira kutonthoza mzimu. Ndi chifukwa chake, olemba ambiri aku Russia amatipatsa kulinganiza kodabwitsa pakati pa kulakalaka kwawo ziwembu zomwe anthu otchulidwa m'miyoyo yawo amadikirira kudikirira komwe kumayang'ana chilichonse kuyambira pagulu mpaka pamunthu.
Mikhalidwe imathandizanso, ndithudi. Ndipo podziwa cholinga changa chopulumutsa olemba abwino kwambiri a dziko lililonse, kubwerera m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, tikupeza kuti tili ndi Russia yomwe nthawi zonse imakhala yovuta, yokhala ndi gulu lodziwika bwino kudzera mwa mafumu kapena kudzera mwa atsogoleri a Soviet omwe adatha kubwereza. khalidwe la mafumu a ku Russia akale. Zodabwitsa kwambiri za anthu.
Chifukwa chake, kufotokozera olemba odziwika bwino monga Dostoiveski kapena Chekhov kungakhale chinthu chosangalatsa chomwe pambuyo pake amawonjezera zomverera zawo pakati pa kukhumudwa, kudzipatula komanso kukhudza kwachikondi nthawi zina, zosefukira ndi chiyembekezo cha zokongola zomwe sizimatha kufika. .
Cholowa cha olemba odziwika kwambiri aku Russia chimatengera olemba atsopano omwe amadziwikiranso ndi kuwoloka kwawo kongoyerekeza komwe zilakolako zinkayenda nthawi zonse komanso kuti m'mabuku amasiyanitsidwa ndi zomwe sizikudziwika pakati pa olemba ambiri omwe ali pano.
Olemba 5 apamwamba kwambiri aku Russia
Chekhov. Zithunzi za Russian mu nkhani
Malinga ndi nkhani yayifupi, Anton Chekhov Icho chimakhala chofunikira kwambiri kwa aliyense amene amakondana ndi mwachidule, ndi kaphatikizidwe, ndi nkhani zazing'ono zomwe zitha kufalitsa zomwe zili padziko lapansi zomwe zatsalira pazomwe zanenedwa, mu zomwe zimangolengezedwa.
Nkhaniyi ndi nthawi yopumula ya moyo wa munthu, kuwerenga kwathunthu komwe kungasangalatsidwe paulendo wopita kumalo aliwonse kapena monga chothandizira musanagone. Ndipo mwangwiro mwachidule Chekhov amachita ngati waluso kwambiri kuposa onse. Kudzipereka nokha mwachidule, monga wolemba, kumatha kuganiziridwa ngati chinthu chokhumudwitsa. Wolemba nkhani aliyense akuwoneka kuti akuloza buku lake lomaliza, lomwe limatsegulira chilengedwe chonse chokwanira komanso chovuta.
Chekhov sanalembe buku lililonse chifukwa cha ntchito yayikulu komanso yolemba bwino momveka bwino, chitukuko ndi kutseka. Ndipo komabe ntchito yake idapulumuka mpaka lero ndi mphamvu yofanana ndi yamawu ena onse. Kufikira kotero kuti, limodzi ndi Tolstoy y Dostoyevsky, analemba buku losawerengeka lonena za mabuku achi Russia komanso mabuku apadziko lonse lapansi, chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwake komanso kuzama kwake.
Zoyambira zake zidadziwika ndi kufunikira. Olemba ngati mtundu wa olemba nkhani zopeka anali ofunidwa kwambiri mu nthawi ya Chekhov. Ataphatikizidwa, sanasiye kulemba zachidule, ndi lingaliro la nthano, za zochitika zapadera monga chiwonetsero chabwino kwambiri cha omwe tili. Chimodzi mwazolemba zake zaposachedwa, nayi:
Dostoevsky. zovuta zenizeni
Palibe amene anganene kuti Dostoyevsky adapereka m'manja mwa mabuku chifukwa cha olemba achikondi. Ngati china chake chitha kuwunikiridwa mu Dostoyevsky wamkulu Ndikumangirira komwe kumakopa umunthu wamunthu aliyense.
Koma zinalidi choncho. Mgwirizano wachikondi, womwe, ngakhale anali atagwidwa kale pakati paulendo wawo, udali wofunikira pakuwerenga komwe kunakhala chakudya choyamba cha Fyodor.
Zomwe ziyenera kuti zidachitika ndikuti wolemba uyu adazindikira kuti zenizeni ndizouma khosi. Zinthu zosokoneza komanso kuwonongeka kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu aku Russia zidabweretsa mtundu wina wamisala zenizeni komanso wotsimikiza kukulitsa kufunika kotsiriza kwa mzimu.
Mwa zokongoletsa zokongola, ngakhale izi, kutsutsana kwake kudatengera kudzimva kotereku, kutulutsidwa pang'ono kwa anthu olamulidwa, koposa zonse, ndi mantha komanso lingaliro lakufa ngati chiyembekezo chokhacho cha anthu odzipereka kuchitira Tsarism. .
Kuphatikiza pa cholinga chakuwonetseranso zikhalidwe zamdziko lake komanso kufunafuna moyo wakuya kwambiri wa otchulidwa, Dostoyevski sakanapewa zomwe adakumana nazo pamoyo wake ngati cholinga cholembera. Chifukwa udindo wake wandale, womwe udawonekeranso, komanso pomwe kudzipereka kwake kulemba kumatha kuonedwa ngati kowopsa, zidamupangitsa kuti akakhale m'ndende ku Siberia.
Mwamwayi adathawa chilango cha imfa chifukwa cha chiwembu ndipo, atatumikira gulu lankhondo la Russia monga gawo lachiwiri la chilango chake, adatha kulembanso. M'munsimu muli imodzi mwazolemba zamtengo wapatali za "Upandu ndi Chilango":
Tolstoy. wolemba mbiri watsoka
Mbiri ya Literature imakhala ndi zochitika zina zodziwika bwino, zomwe zimadziwika kwambiri ndikumafanana kwaimfa (ayenera kuti anali maola ochepa okha) pakati pa olemba awiriwa: Cervantes ndi Shakespeare. Izi zachitika mwangozi ndikupanga zomwe wolemba adandigawira lero, Tolstoy ndi mnzake Dostoyevsky. Olemba awiri achi Russia otchuka kwambiri ndipo mosakayikira ena mwa akatswiri padziko lonse lapansi, nawonso anali m'nthawi yawo.
Mtundu wachinyengo, mwayi wamatsenga udapangitsa izi kutanthauzira m'mavesi a mbiriyakale. Ndizachidziwikire ... ngati tifunsa aliyense mayina a olemba awiri achi Russia, amatha kutchulanso zilembozi.
Monga momwe zitha kunenedweratu, amakono adaganiza zofananira. Tolstoy adachitanso chidwi ndi zomvetsa chisoni, zamatsenga komanso nthawi yomweyo malingaliro opanduka ozungulira gulu laku Russia lomwe lakhazikika kwambiri ... Kuzindikira ngati poyambira kuzindikira komanso kufuna kusintha. Kutaya mtima monga kudzoza kwa zochitika zomwe zilipo komanso kukhala wopambana kwambiri muumunthu wawo.
Nayi imodzi mwazosindikiza zabwino kwambiri za ntchito yake yayikulu "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere":
Maxim Gorky. Russian intrahistory
Ndizodabwitsa kuti nthawi zovuta zomwe zidakhala ku Russia pakati pa zaka za zana la XNUMX ndi XNUMX, zitha kukondera nkhani yodzaza, yovuta, yamalingaliro, yadzaoneni pamikhalidwe yazovuta za anthu, yomwe idakulirakulira kufuna kupereka liwu ku dziko lotsekedwa ndi Tsarism poyambirira komanso posintha pambuyo pake.
Pankhani ya Maxim Gorky, ndi buku lake Amayi zofananazo zimachitika kwa Dostoevsky ndi Upandu ndi Chilango kapena Tolstoy wokhala ndi Nkhondo ndi Mtendere. Zinali zonena nkhaniyi kudzera mwa otchulidwa omwe amatha kuphatikiza malingaliro a anthu omwe adalangidwa kale komanso omwe miyoyo yawo idakhala mwamantha, kulimba mtima komanso chiyembekezo chakusintha komwe pamapeto pake kudali koipitsitsa, chifukwa chilombocho chikasowa chilombo china kuti chimalize kugonjetsedwa, kukakamira kumatha kukhala lamulo lokhalo lomwe lachokera pamkangano.
Zolemba zochepa kwambiri ndizomwe zimakhala zolimba kuposa momwe amawerengera olemba aku Russia awa. Mwa Gorky, nthawi zonse ndi mfundo zotsimikizira ndale, ngakhale kuyambira pachiyambi chake limodzi ndi Lennin ndikubwerera ku mbali ya Stalin, mosakayikira adayimira kudzuka kwa sizingatheke kusintha komwe malingaliro ake adatenga nawo gawo mwachangu. Pali ena omwe akuti m'masiku ake omaliza adazunzidwa m'thupi lake kuponderezedwa kwa Stalinist komwe analibe njira ina yabwino yoti akumane nayo ...
Alexander Pushkin. kudzutsidwa kwa zenizeni zaku Russia
Kuti muwerenge nthawi yosavuta, Zikopa za Aleksandr amapeza udindo wa bambo wa mabuku akulu achi Russia omwe pambuyo pake adabwera m'manja mwa Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy kapena Chekhov, nkhani yofananayi ya triumvirate yamakalata apadziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa, ngakhale panali kusiyanasiyana kwamatchulidwe komanso kusintha kwamachitidwe momwe nthawi ya wolemba nkhani imasinthira, mawonekedwe a Pushkin amayenera kukhala chakudya ndi kudzoza, malingaliro owoneka okhazikika mu cholembera chake pazachikondi zomwe zimayamba kukhala zopanda pake, kufikira pomwe zenizeni ndinazolowera kulingalira kwa aliyense mwa ma greats amtsogolo.
Kuchokera paubwana wake wapamwamba, pushkin Komabe, adamaliza kugwira ntchito ngati wolemba nkhani wotsutsa, nthawi zonse kuyambira pomwepo mwachikondi nthawi zonse mwa wolemba chifukwa cha maphunziro ake oyeserera komanso malingaliro ake oyamba andakatulo.
Koma Kukonda akazi kungathenso kukhala chida champhamvu chamalingaliro chomwe chimasokoneza owerenga pamalingaliro awo. Ndipo, cholinga choterocho chimatanthauziridwa ndi oyang'anira a Tsar, omwe nthawi zonse ankamupangitsa kuti awoneke ngati cholinga choukira.
Pokhala atadzipatula kumalo azisangalalo zandale komanso zandale, osatha kumuchitira zoyipa chifukwa chazipembedzo zake, Pushkin amatsogolera nkhani yake kuti ikwaniritsidwe mwamphamvu ndi chidwi chake chosatsutsika cha zamatsenga zamtunduwu, zodzaza nthano ndi nthano, zofananira zachikondi zamaphunziro zomwe anali.
