Wolemba mbiri yakale Julian Casanova Iye ndi m'modzi mwa ofalitsa kwambiri zamtsogolo zazaka za zana la XNUMX ku Europe komanso mwachangu kwambiri ku Spain m'zaka za zana lomweli. Ndizowona kuti cholinga chake, tinene, chimatengera mbiri yakale ya zisinthiko, kuzovuta zamagulu kuchokera kumagulu apansi. Koma n'chakuti kusintha konse kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kumabwera chifukwa cha kusintha kokakamizika, kuchokera ku nkhanza za mphamvu pamene olemera amphamvu amachitira nkhanza zomwe zimachitika.
Mfundo yake ndi yakuti si nthawi zonse zipolowe zimapambana. Nthawi zina malipabuliki ndi ziwawa zidasiyidwa pofuna kuyesa ndipo poyankha kunabwera kuponderezedwa kochulukirapo. Koma mbiri ya kugonja imathandizanso kusunga kukumbukira, ndendende, kuti kupanda chilungamo kumamenyedwa. Julián Casanova amapulumutsa ndikufalitsa ndi kukopa kokwanira kuti akhale wolemba wogulitsidwa kwambiri popanda kuthana ndi nthano zopeka zomwe olemba ena am'badwo wake, monga Jose Luis CorralAmafika pamitundu yonse ya owerenga. Owerenga omwe ali pafupi ndi nkhani zosakanizidwa zomwe zimafanana ndi nthano zazikulu za mbiri yakale. Iwo mwangwiro zolembedwa maziko limodzi ndi intrahistory angathe kuika mfundo mokulirapo.
Koma Casanova ndi wokwanira ndipo watha ndi kukoma kwake kwa nkhaniyo ndi mbiri ya mbiri yakale. Chifukwa Mbiriyo yokha imakhala yosangalatsa ikangoyamba kukanda, tisalole kuti wina ngati Julián Casanova awoloke pakhungu la zowona ndi kutigwetsa mumtsinje wa zochitika zopambana kwambiri.
Mabuku 3 apamwamba ovomerezeka a Julián Casanova
Chiwawa chosathetsedwa
Si kaŵirikaŵiri timamva kuti zisonyezero za masiku ano zikuoneka kuti zikudulidwa ndi dongosolo lomwelo, monga momwe Mulungu amachitira ndi kutsatiridwa ndi amene amadziwa zobisika zokonda. Mwina, mwina ..., ndiyeno chinthucho chimabwera motalika ...
Njira yatsopano yowonetsera ziwawa zobwerezabwereza komanso nthawi zina zomwe, kuchokera ku uchigawenga wa anarchist kupita ku nkhondo zotsatizana ku Yugoslavia, zimasonyeza mbiri ya European XNUMXth century ndi magazi ndi moto. M’menemo, ziwawa zautsamunda, kuyeretsa fuko, kupha fuko, nkhondo ndi nkhanza zachisembwere zimaonekera, kumene opha anthu, opha anthu ndi ogwirira chigololo anayambitsa miyambo yawoyawo yachizunzo ndi imfa, yochitidwa payekha kapena m’magulu, owonedwa ndi ena ambiri, ozunzidwa, mboni ndi ophunzira a zigawenga.
Pali nkhani zingapo zomwe zimadutsana ndikudutsana wina ndi mzake, kuchokera ku Spain kupita ku Russia, kuchokera ku Baltic kupita ku Mediterranean, kuti apeze malingaliro achiwawa. Ndipo m'nkhaniyo, malingaliro amtundu ndi mtundu, nthawi zamavuto obwera chifukwa cha nkhondo ndi zigawenga, ndi mapulojekiti ophatikiza ma utopias amawonekera ngati ulusi wotsogolera. Zaka zana zachiwawa zosalekeza, zokhala ndi zipsera zowoneka kapena zobisika zakupha ndi chiwonongeko. Zakale zopangidwa kale, zokumbukiridwa, zoiwalika, zokumana nazo, zoponderezedwa.
Spain idagawanika pawiri
Spain idagawika pawiri kuyambira 1936 chifukwa cha malingaliro ambiri onyada. Chinthucho chikanathetsedwa mosavuta ngati iwo a tricolor atasiya mtundu wawo ndipo awo a chishango atasiya danga la chishango chawo. Mbendera imodzi yofiira, yachikasu ndi yofiira ndipo zonse zimathetsedwa. Koma mkanganowo umadyetsa ndipo ngongolezo zimangogwira ntchito osati kungowasonkhanitsa koma kuwunika kuthekera kulikonse kwa kuyanjanitsa.
Zolemba zaposachedwa za mbiri ya Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni ku Spain zapangidwa, koposa zonse, ndi ntchito zapadera za ofufuza. Masiku ano pali kusowa kwa ma syntheses opezeka omwe amatha kukwaniritsa udindo womwe mabuku monga Gabriel Jackson kapena Hugh Thomas adasewera munthawi yawo, kubweretsa chidziwitso chamakono pafupi ndi owerenga wamba, chomwe chiri chofunikira kwambiri patatha zaka makumi angapo. zomwe kafukufuku wapereka zotsimikizika zatsopano ndipo wachotsa nthano zakale.
Palibe amene ali woyenera kuchita ntchitoyi kuposa Pulofesa Julián Casanova, pulofesa wa pa yunivesite ya Zaragoza, wolemba zachidule cha nthawiyo -Republic ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni- komanso maphunziro amtengo wapatali monga De la calle al Frente, El Past. Zobisika, Mpingo wa Franco kapena Europe motsutsana ndi Europe, 1914-1945. "Nkhani yayifupi" yanu yatsopano mosakayikira idzakhutiritsa owerenga ambiri a mabuku anu.
Europe motsutsana ndi Europe, 1914-1945
Mikangano siinapangidwe kapena kuwonongedwa, imasinthidwa, imasintha malo. Masiku ano nkhondo zili kwina. Koma zaka za m’ma XNUMX zinali nthawi ya nkhondo ku Ulaya. Zaka XNUMX zinadutsa kuchokera pa Nkhondo Yaikulu kupita ku Nkhondo Yadziko II. Pa nkhondo yaikulu iliyonse, Ulaya anaponyedwa mumdima wa mabomba kwa zaka makumi asanu ... Limenelo linali dziko lina popanda kukayika kumene Azungu onse anali ndi mdani woti amuphe.
Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, yomwe idasankha tsogolo la Europe mokakamiza, patatha zaka makumi ambiri zandale ndi zokambirana, akatswiri ambiri a mbiri yakale amawona kuti ndiye mzere wogawanika wa mbiri yakale ya ku Europe yazaka za zana la XNUMX, kusweka komvetsa chisoni ndi mfundo zazikuluzikulu panthawiyo.
Chikomyunizimu ndi fascism, zomwe zinatuluka mu nkhondo imeneyo, zinakhala njira zoyamba, kenako mizati yokopa anthu anzeru, magalimoto a ndale za anthu ambiri, malo odyetserako za atsogoleri atsopano omwe, akutuluka modzidzimutsa, kuyambira kunja kwa dongosolo lakale la monarchical ndi mfumu, adafuna kuti asiyane kwambiri. zakale.
Kuwonongeka ndi kufa kwa mamiliyoni ambiri komwe Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse idadzetsa, kusintha kwamalire, zovuta za Revolution ya Russia, ndi zovuta zosinthira mamiliyoni ankhondo akale, makamaka m'maiko omwe adagonjetsedwa, ndizomwe zidayambira. chiwawa ndi chikhalidwe cha mikangano chomwe chinakhazikitsidwa m'madera ambiri a nthawi yamavutoyi.
Bukhuli likuwunika mwatsatanetsatane, kuphatikiza nkhani ndi kusanthula, kusintha kwa Russia ndi kukwera kwa ma fascism, zopinga za demokalase ndi kupita patsogolo kwaulamuliro, chikhalidwe chakulimbana ndi zotsatira zomwe zonsezi zinali nazo ku kontinenti yomwe idatha mu 1945 idawonongedwa ndikusweka kukhala chikwi. zidutswa.
