Kukhoza kufalitsa ndi ukoma kotero kuti oganiza bwino kapena asayansi, zilizonse, atha kuyandikira zochitika zomwe poyamba zimawoneka ngati zakutali chifukwa chaukadaulo kapena zenizeni. Olemba amakonda Eduard Punse u Matumba a Oliver ndi zitsanzo ziwiri zapadera m'mabuku ake omwe timawona kukoma kwake kwa owerenga, kufotokozera koteroko, kofanizira, kofanizira.
Jared Diamond es china chamayankhulidwe akulu aja zomwe zimafikira owerenga ambiri ndi nkhawa za anthropology kuyambira pazofunikira kwambiri mpaka zovuta kwambiri. Ndipo matsenga ake amakhala mchiyembekezo chonse cha wina ndi mnzake.
Palibe chomwe chimafunikira kwambiri kuposa kuphunzira kwa Evolution. Palibe chomwe chingaphatikize chilichonse potengera kusintha kosinthika koyambirira ndikupangitsa zochitika pakati pa anthu, zachipembedzo kapena zandale kuposa njira yoyendetsera kayendetsedwe kabwino ka chitukuko cha anthu komwe ikupanga malo aliwonse kuchokera kwa anthu ambiri kupita pagulu.
Monga anthu amasinthasintha malo okhala ndipo akamapanga malowa kukhala malo odziwika bwino a mitundu yawo, china chilichonse chimayamba kukhala pagulu lomwe lapangitsa kuti dziko lonse lapansi likhale lofanana ndi chigwa chomwe chimakhalapo kale. .
Zingamveke ngati zosangalatsa, koma Jared Diamond amadziwa momwe angalongosolere njirayi mosiyanasiyana komanso motalikirapo ndizambiri komanso zopanga (zofananira ndi zodabwitsazi). Zachidziwikire, gwero lazidziwitso lotere limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi akatswiri komanso osakhazikika. Chifukwa chake, ngati mukufuna kuyandikira kwa wolemba wathunthu wazasayansi. Muli pamalo oyenera.
Mabuku atatu operekedwa ndi Jared Diamond
Mfuti, majeremusi ndi zitsulo
Dziko lapansi lokhalapo munthu, mbali inayo ya dziko lapansi lotchedwa "Western" (mwina pamachitidwe okhumudwitsa omwe akufuna kufalitsa gawo ladziko lapansi ku chilichonse chomwe chingafanane ndi chidziwitso chake), ndi mawonekedwe kudziwika ndikuyerekeza padziko lonse lapansi.
Mitundu yathu ndi momwe ilili ndipo kuchokera kwa iwo tikuwona dziko lapansi. Mwina ndichifukwa chake, kuti tipeze zomwe zidayamba zaka mazana ambiri, Jared Diamond akutibwezeretsanso zaka masauzande ambiri moyo wathu usanakhale loto lakutali, kapena dystopian, kutengera momwe mumawonekera. Ndipo tikupeza kuti munthu alandidwa chitetezo chobisika cha moyo wapano.
Mwina kuyamba kupeza ma homo sapiens sapiens omwe pamapeto pake akusintha kukhala owongoka kwathunthu ndizosokoneza.
Zowonjezeranso pomwe tidazindikira momwe madera ena amatengera kuchitira nkhanza zofunikira zoyambirira zaulimi ndi ziweto pomwe ena adagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri kuti akhale ankhondo oyamba kuchokera kuzosaka monga kusaka.
Kodi chisinthiko chidadziwika ndi mphamvu kapena luntha lakutsogolo pakuwongolera chuma? Tsogolo lomwe latsatiridwa mpaka lero lidachokera pakulingana kwamphamvu pakati pa zomwe Amayi Earth adapereka ndi zomwe munthu adazimvetsetsa pamgwirizano wake ndi anthu anzawo.
Kutha. Chifukwa chomwe magulu ena amapirira pomwe ena amasowa
Nthano yakale ya a Mayan kapena a Inca omwe amasiya madera awo odziwika bwino pomwe nthawi zina mapangidwe awo amapezeka.
Kusowa kwazinthu kapena kuzimiririka chifukwa cha zoyipa zina zakomweko? Ichi ndi chitsanzo chimodzi chokha cha zoyambitsa zomwe zapangitsa kutukuka kwa zitukuko zina ndi kutha kwa zina. Mliri wakuda kapena chimfine cha ku Spain chidagunda mwamphamvu pomwe magulu osiyanasiyana aku Europe anali atayamba kulumikizana.
Koma magawo amenewo adagonjetsedwa chifukwa cha mtundu wina wa katemera wachilengedwe yemwe adateteza tsokalo, chisinthiko chodzitchinjiriza. Masiku ano zovuta zanyengo, zachilengedwe ndi zamoyo zikadalipo, ndipo mwina ifenso tithandizira mliriwu.
Kuwerenga zam'mbuyomu kumakhala kosangalatsa nthawi zonse kuganizira momwe zingakhalire pano. Jared Diamond amatitsogolera kuchokera ku chitukuko kupita ku chimzake, ndikulingalira ndikutsimikiza zakumapeto kwake.
Dziko mpaka dzulo
Dzulo tikhoza kukhala osasiyana kwambiri. Chofunika cha chitukuko chathu chimadziwika ndi kuyendetsa, kutengeka, kulingalira ndi mphamvu. Kusiyanaku kumakhazikitsidwa pazomwe zatizungulira, pafupifupi nthawi zonse malo opangira momwe tikukonzera dziko lathu kukhala logonjera kuposa kale.
Kuchokera pamalowa, Jared Diamond amalankhula za momwe zinthu ziliri pano. Kudziwona tokha mofanana ndendende ndi zomwe tinali kungatipulumutse ku lingaliro lankhondo lazowonjezera m'malo mwazofunikira.
Kafukufuku wa wolemba pazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zomwe zikukhalabe kutali ndi dziko ladzikoli masiku ano zimathandizira kuti pakhale kuzindikira pakati pauzimu ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Njira yosangalatsa yomwe mlembiyo amatha kuyankhira malingaliro ozama okhudza anthropological kumapeto kwa zinthu zapadziko lapansi monga maphunziro, ukalamba, malo omwe nthawi zonse kumakhala kofunikira kuthana ndi lingaliro lofunikira kuti pamapeto pake tibwezeretse zomwe zidatayika zomwe Amatithandizanso kukhala achimwemwe komanso kukhala kwathu limodzi ndi dziko lapansi lomwe lili ndi zinthu zopanda pake.
