10 ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ

ืœื ืงืฆืจ ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ืœื ื ืจื—ื‘ ื›ืžื• ืจื•ืžืŸ. ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืžืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ืื• ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืคื ืชื™, ื–ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช, ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืื• ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช, ืงืฆืจื•ืช ืืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.

ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ, ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื• ืœืจื•ืžืŸ. ื›ื™ ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ืคื“ื•ืฃ, ืขื ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงืกื•ืžื”... ืื– ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื™ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ื›ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื.

ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืฉื ืœืฉื˜ื— ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ. ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ืœืจื•ืžืŸ ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื• ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ? ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื›ื ื™ืขื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืœื”ืคืจื“ืช ืกืฆื ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืงืฆืจ. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืขืฆืžื•. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืžืชืคืชื— ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืกืฆื ื” ืื• ืฉืžื•ืงืจืŸ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.

ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื”, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืขื ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื, ืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืชื•, ืืžืฆืขื• ื•ืกื•ืคื• ืขืงื‘ื™ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื ื• ืขื•ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืงืข ืฉืœื• ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื ื™ ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืš ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ...

ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฆื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื

ืžืจื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื” ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืื•ืจื•ื•ืœ

ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช. ืื• ื›ืŸ, ืชืœื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”. ื›ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื•ืช ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ, ืฉืื ื”ืŸ ืชืคื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืŸ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื ืžืกืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.

ื”ืกืื˜ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื•ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื˜ืœื™ื ื™ื–ื, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘-1945, ื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ื•ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืฆื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื. ืžื•ืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื•ืช ืžื ื•ืจ, ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ืืช ื–ืจืขื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืจืื” ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™; ื•ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืฆืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื›ืื™ื ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื’ื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ืช, ื”ืžื•ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืื’ื“ื” ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืช ื’ืื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ื ืก ืžืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื™ืกื•ืช ืื•ืชื. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืจื“ ื™ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืงื ืื”, ื•ื—ืœืงื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืืกื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ืคื™ืœื•, ืชื•ืš ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื–ื”ื•ืชื ื•ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืžื“ื.

ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืžืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ื ืชืคืก ื›ืกืื˜ื™ืจื” ื—ืกืจืช ืจื—ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืœื™ื ื™ื–ื, ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืžืฆืžื™ื— ื”ื›ื•ื—, ืœื“ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื” ื–ื•ืขืžืช ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’, ื•ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฆืœื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช. ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.

ืžืจื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื”

ื”ืžืฆืืช ืžื•ืจืœ

ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืžื›ืกื” ื”ื›ืœ, ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื•. ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืžืžืœืืช ืื•ืชื ื•, ืื”ื‘ื”, ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ื–ืžืŸ. ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœ ื•ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื˜ืจืคื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืื™ื™ื ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื.

ื ืžืœื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืจื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื“ืง ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืกื™ืจืช ืžืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืื™ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื ื˜ื•ืฉื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื‘ื•ื“ื“, ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืื™.

ื”ื•ื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื”ื, ืžืจื’ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื, ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืคืชื™ืข ืืช ืฉื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ, ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ืžืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืœื”ื–ื™ื”, ืืฉืจ ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื ืžืœื˜ ืœื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช.

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•, ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื“ื’ืจ ืืœืŸ ืคื•. ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ืฉื ืคืจืกื” ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžื”, ื•ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ, ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืขืจืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ืกื•ื‘ื‘ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจืœ ืœืื—ืช ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœืขืจืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื”.

ื”ืžืฆืืช ืžื•ืจืœ

ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”

ื”-Viscount Demediado ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื—ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื˜ืœื• ืงืœื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืืœ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ื•ื”ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™. ืงืœื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื™ืกืงื•ื ื˜ ืžื˜ืจืœื‘ื”, ืฉื ื—ืœืง ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืจื™ ืชื•ืชื— ืžื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื ื•ืฉืฉื ื™ ื—ืฆืื™ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ืคืจื“.

ืกืžืœ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืคื•ืœื’, ืžื“ืจื“ื• ื“ื” ื˜ืจืœื‘ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืื“ืžื•ืชื™ื•. ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืคืช, ื”ืื’ืกื™ื ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืคื•ืฆืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื. "ื›ืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ืขื”", ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืจืข ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืกืงื•ื ื˜ ืœืื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืชืื”ื‘. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื–ื” ื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืจืข? ื”ืื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืืจืช ื”ื–ื• ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื•, ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืš ื—ืฆืื™ื•.

ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”

ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืงื˜ืŸ

ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืงืฆืจ ืžืฆื™ืข. ื›ื™ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืขื ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”.

ืื’ื“ื” ืžื™ืชื™ืช ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืฉืืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื• ื•ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ืช, ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืœืื”, ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžื“ืช ืฉืœ ืกื ื˜-ืื›ื–ื•ืคืจื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช, ืื”ื‘ื”, ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.

ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ื›ื”, ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ืœื™ ืขื ืžื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืช, ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื”ืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ืžืฉื”ื• ื ืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื ื•ืข ืฉืœื™. ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืชื™ ืœื ืžื›ื•ื ืื™ ื•ืœื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื, ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข, ืœื‘ื“, ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืงืฉื”. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”, ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืžื™ื ืจืง ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื™ืžื™ื.

ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืืœืฃ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื ืžืœ ืขืœ ืจืคืกื•ื“ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก. ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื, ืื ื›ืŸ, ืืช ื”ืคืชืขืชื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืื•ืชื™ ืงื•ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉืืžืจ: -ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”... ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืœื™ ื›ื‘ืฉ! -ื”ื™ื™!? -ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืœื™ ื›ื‘ืฉ...

ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืงื˜ืŸ

ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ื–ื” ืžืจืืฉ

ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื–ื” ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ื–ื” ืžืจืืฉ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”"ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช" ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ื’ืจืกื™ื” ืžืจืงืก, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืœื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ. ื›ืฉื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ, ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ืื—ื™ื ื•ื™ืงืืจื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ืกื ื˜ื™ืื’ื• ื ืกืืจ - ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื’ื• ืื•ืชื• - ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืงื•ื ืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•ืขื ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ืชื• ืื ื’'ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืกื ื˜ื™ืื’ื• ื ืกืืจ ืžืช .

ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืืช ื’ืจืกื™ื” ืžืจืงืก ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•, ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืง ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืจื’ืขื™ื•, ืžืฉื•ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืกืคืจ, ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ืฉืžืชืงื“ื ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื•. ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ืืฃ ืžื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื. ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื, ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ืžืขื•ืจืคืœืช, ื•ืœื•ื›ื“ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื ืžืจืืฉื™ืชื•, ื’ื ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ืชื•ืฆืืช ื”ืขืœื™ืœื”. ื”ื“ื™ืืœืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื•ืขืฆืžืช ื›ืืŸ, ืฉื•ื‘, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ืขื•ื ื” ื‘ืงืกื ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขืœื” ืื•ืชื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื’ื“ื”.

ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ื–ื” ืžืจืืฉ

ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืœื™ืฅ'

ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืฆื™ื™ืจ ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืœื™ืฅ', ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ืืœื™. ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื•ื”ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื ื•ืงื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืฆื•ืœื”, ืฉืื•ืชื” ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช. ืœื ืจืง ืฉื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืฃ ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืืช ืื™ืžืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืœื” ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืฆื ื•ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื.

ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืžืืช ื˜ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื™ ื ืžืชื—ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืœื•ืช, ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืคืกื™ืง ืœื—ื™ื•ืช. ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ืชื• ืฉื™ืชืคื•ืก ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•. ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืœื™ืฅ', ื”ื•ื ืžืชืจื›ื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•. ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ื›ืจ ื•ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื•ื•ืช...ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื›ื” ืœื–ื”.

ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืœื™ืฅ'

ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”

ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉืžื” ืžื•ืชืฉืช, ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืจืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช, ืฉืžื’ืœื” ืœืคืชืข ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ ืฉืžืชื‘ื˜ื ืœืœื ืžืืžืฅ ื•ืœืœื ื”ื™ืกื•ืก ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ. ืžืืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืคืกื™ืคืก, ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ืงืคื“ื ื™ ื•ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ื•ืืฉืจ ืžืชืืจ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจืช ื”ื“ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืกืก ืฉืœ ื•ื ืฆื™ื” ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช.

ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1914, ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืžืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืชื”ื™ืœืชื• ืชื•ืžืืก ืžืืŸ, ืฉื‘ืฉื ืช 1929 ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช, ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืื—ืช ืžื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช.

ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”

ื’ื˜ืกื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ

ืœื ืงืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืคื™ืฆื’'ืจืœื“. ื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืืœื” ืฉืฉื•ืœืœื™ื ื–ืืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื•, ืขื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื• ืœื“ื•ืจื™ืืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ ื”ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ... ืžื™ื”ื• ื’ื˜ืกื‘ื™, ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืชื ืช ืืช ืฉืžื• ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-XNUMX? ื”ื•ื ืชืขืœื•ืžื”, ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืขืจืš ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืขื ืงื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื“ื™ื™ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืงื ืŸ, ืฉืคืขื ืื”ื‘ื” ืื•ืชื•.

ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืื’ื•ืช, ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื•ื’ื˜ืกื‘ื™ ืขื•ืจืš ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื™ืœื ื“ ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื“ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ืจ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืฆื— ืื• ืžืจื’ืœ, ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืœื•ื ื”ืชืขืฉืจ, ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ืจื’ื™ ืฉื ื”ืจืก ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœื—ืœื•ืžื•: ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืื”ื•ื‘ืชื•.

ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืœื‘ ื”ืคืจื•ืข

ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืœื‘ ื”ืคืจื•ืข ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืื ื” ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืืžืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ืืช ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื”, ืฉื’'ื•ืื ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชืงื‘ืœ.

ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžืคืงืคืง ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฆื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืงืœืืจื™ืก ืœื™ืกืคืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื ื•, ืื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื˜ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•: ื”ืฉืชื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืคื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืœืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื, ืžืฆื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื...

ืชืคื•ื– ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžืืช ืื ืชื•ื ื™ ื‘ืจื’'ืก

ืจื•ืžืŸ ื˜ืจื ืกื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืคื•ื’ืข ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ. ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคืชื™ื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช, ืื• ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืขื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคืชื™ ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืจื•ืฉืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื“ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื›ืœ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืคื™ืœื• ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช.

ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืก ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ื”ื ืื“ืกืื˜ ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืกืžืžื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืก. ืœืืœื›ืก ื™ืฉ, ืœืคื™ ื‘ื•ืจื’ืก, "ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช; ืื”ื‘ื” ืœืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช, ืื”ื‘ื” ืœืฉืคื”, ืื”ื‘ื” ืœื™ื•ืคื™. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ, ืžืžื ื• ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช. ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ืขื“ืŸ, ื•ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืคืœ (ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื ื•ืคืœ, ืžื—ืœื•ืŸ) ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืืžื™ืชื™ ยป.

ื”ืชืคื•ื– ื”ืžื›ื ื™

ืื ื™ ืžื–ืžื™ื ื” ืื•ืชืš ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืงืฆืจ ืฉืœื™: "ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื‘ ืฉืœื™"

ืคื•ืกื˜ ื“ืจื’

ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืขืœ "1 ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ"

ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ Akismet ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื“ื•ืืจ ื–ื‘ืœ. ืœืžื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื” ืฉืœืš.