ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ื˜ืกื” ืžื•ืฉืคื’

ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•, ืื•ื˜ืกื” ืžื•ืฉืคื’ ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžืกืคืจ. ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืคืกื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืขื ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื ืฉืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืฆื— ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.

ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืจืŸ ื™ืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื ืžืฆื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ืื˜ื•ื•ื“, ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืคืชื™ืข. ืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื ื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืžืงื“ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข.

ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื•ื˜ืกื” ื˜ืขื ืื• ื—ื™ื‘ื” ืœื–'ืื ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ืื• ืžื•ืชื—ื ื™ื ืฉืžื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœืงืจืงืข ืฉืœืš, ืœื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืชืคืก ืฉื ืฉื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืงื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–'ืื ืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืฉืืœื™ื”ื ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช. ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืžืจื™ืื ื” ืื ืจื™ืงืก ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืขืจืคื•ืœื™ื ืขื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืชื™ ืœืœื™ืจื™. ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช, ืื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืžื ื•ืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื•ืคื™ืชื•ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื”.

ืืœื ื›ืฉืื•ื˜ืกื” ื–ื•ืจืงืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืงื‘ืจ ื”ืคืชื•ื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื• ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ... ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ืชื ื›ืœ ืกืคืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆื ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื› ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ...

3 ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืช ืื•ื˜ืกื” ืžื•ืฉืคื’

ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•

ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืคืจื” ื•ืคืœืฆื‘ื•. ื’ื ืื ื–ื” ืจืง ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืจืฆื— ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืกื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ืื”. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื•ืœื™ ืคืชืง ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื›ืš ืฉื”ืขื“ ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ืงืจื” ื“ื‘ืจ. ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืฉื ืืช ื”ืคืชืง, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื™ื“ืข, ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉืคื•ื˜. ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื”ื ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืžืงืจื™ื ...

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ืืช ื›ืœื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช, ื•ืกื˜ื” ื’ื•ืœ ื ืชืงืœืช ื‘ืคืชืง ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“. ืดืฉืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื“ื”. ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžื™ ื”ืจื’ ืื•ืชื”. ืœื ืื ื™. ื–ื• ื’ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื• ". ืื‘ืœ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืคืชืง ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื”. ื•ืกื˜ื” ื’ื•ืœ, ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื’ื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื” ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”. ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ ืœื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ื“ื” ื•ืœื”ืจื”ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืฆื•ื— ืื•ืชื”, ืื ืื›ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”.

ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืจื’ืฉ ื•ืžื—ืจื™ื“ ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื•: ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื• ื•ืขื ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืคืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืฉืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื”ื–ื•: ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืืœื™ ื•ืชืžื™ื ืื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืจื•ืฉืขืช ืžืื•ื“.

ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•

ืฉื ืช ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืจื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืœื™

ื ื™ื”ื™ืœ, ื›ืœื•ื ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื. ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืจืชืงื™ื. ื›ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืš. ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื˜ื•ืื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ืœืจืžื” ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ืช. ืœื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื›ืœื•ื, ืœื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื, ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื—ืกืจ ...

En ืฉื ืช ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืจื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืœื™, ืื•ื˜ืกื” ืžื•ืฉืคื’ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ ืœืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 2000, ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืคืœ, ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืกืชื’ืจ ืœืฉื ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืจืชื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ืœื”ืชืžืกืจ ืœืฉื™ื ื”. ื•ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื. ืžืืช ื•ื•ืคื™ ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื•ื”ืืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ืคื•ืจื“.

ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฆืืช ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื” ื›ืฉื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื“ื•ืœืงืช. ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ืกื“ืจื•ืช, ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืกืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื–ื” ืชืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื–ื”?

ืฉื ืช ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืจื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืœื™

ืฉืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ

ืื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืกืคืช ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื—ื“ ืœืฆืœ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื”. ื›ื™ ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื™ืœื“ื•ืช. ื›ืš ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ ืขื ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืขืฉืชื” ืžืคืœืฆืช; ื•ื›ื›ื” ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื”ืžืคืœืฆืช ืฉื”ืจื•ืฉืข ื™ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข ื”ืžืชื—ืคืฉ ื›ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืžื‘ืฉืจ ืจืขื•ืช.

ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ืžืฆื™ืข ืžืขื˜ ืœืื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ ื“ื ืœื•ืค, ื ืขืจื” ืฆื ื•ืขื” ื•ืžื•ืคืจืขืช ืฉื ืชืคืกื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื›ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืœืื‘ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ื”ื“, ืื•ืœื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืก ื‘ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ืื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ ืžืจืชื™ืขื” ืืช ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืขืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืœืขื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืžืœื ืืช ืœื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื’ื ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ืžืจื’ืœ ืื—ืจ ืจื ื“ื™, ืฉื•ืžืจ ืจืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื ืื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืฉืจื™ืจื™, ื•ืžื ืงื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื’ืŸ ืฉืื‘ื™ื• ืžืฉืื™ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•.

ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื‘ืงื” ืกืŸ ื’'ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื”, ื”ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ืขืœื™ื–ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื›ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื”ื“, ืื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื”. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฆ'ืงื•ืง, ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ ืœืจื‘ืงื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื” ืœืืงืกืกื•ืจื™ ืœืคืฉืข.

ืฉืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ

ืกืคืจื™ื ืžื•ืžืœืฆื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืืช ืื•ื˜ืกื” ืžื•ืฉืคื’

ืœืคื‘ื•ื ื”

Lo castizo ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื›ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืœื˜ืจื•ืืจ ื”ืชื•ืจืŸ. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื• ื ื™ื—ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื, ืื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื ื• ื”ืฆืฆื” ื ื“ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื”ืืชื ื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืขืœื™ืœื” ื ื•ืืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ืฉืช ืขื ืื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ื›ืœ ื–'ืื ืจ ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื.

ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืคื‘ื•ื ื”, ืžืจืง ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื—ื™ ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ืžื—ืคื™ืจ ืขื ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืืœืžืŸ, ื”ืื“ื•ืง ื•ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ ื’'ื•ื“. ืฆื•ืœืข, ื‘ืขืœ ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ืžืขื•ื•ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืกืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืขื•ื•ืชืช, ืžืืจืง ืžื•ืฆื ื ื—ืžื” ืจืง ื‘ื™ืจืืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื• ืืฆืœ ืื™ื ื”, ื–ืงื ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื™ื“ืข ื ืกืชืจ ืฉื—ื™ื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืขื•ืœื.

ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื•ืช ืืœื™ื ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื•ืงื“ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืืจืžื•ืŸ, ืžืจืง ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ื—ืฆืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉื—ืช ื•ื”ืฉืงื•ืข ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืœืคื•ื•ื ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžืขืžื“ื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืจื” ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืช, ืขื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื—ืฉื™ื“ ืœืฉืœื•.

ืœืคื‘ื•ื ื”

ืžืงื’ืœื•

ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘. ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื•ื” ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืœื™ื™ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ืžื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงืคืจื™ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื˜ืกื” ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื•ืช ืžื”ืฆืœืœื™ื, ืžืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื•ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื. ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืชื”ื•ื ื ืคืฉ ืฉื™ืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืชืžื™ื“.

ืกืืœื, ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก, 1851: ืžืงื’ืœื•, ืžืœื— ืžื—ื•ืกืคืก, ืจืžืื™ ื•ื ื‘ืœ, ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื ื• ืžื”ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื—ื–ืง, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื›ืจื•ืช ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืœืขืžื™ื•ืžื”. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื›ืœื•ื, ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื•ื•ื” ืงื• ื“ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจืคืœ ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืœืžืœื›ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.

ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืจื’ ืื“ื, ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื•. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืžืฉืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืง ืืช ื”ืฆืœืœื™ื ื”ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ื›ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ ืฉืœื•.

ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืคื™ืจืื˜ ืœืžืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ, ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ืžื•ืฉืคื’ ืžื“ื™ืฃ ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ื, ื“ื, ืื‘ืง ืฉืจื™ืคื”, ื•ื•ื™ืกืงื™, ืžืœื—, ื–ื™ืขื” ื•ืขืฅ ื™ืฉืŸ, ื•ืžืจืื” ืฉืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ื“ืขื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ืกื•ืคืจืœื˜ื™ื‘.

ืžืงื’ืœื•
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ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืขืœ "ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืช ืื•ื˜ืกื” ืžื•ืฉืคื’"

ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ Akismet ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื“ื•ืืจ ื–ื‘ืœ. ืœืžื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื” ืฉืœืš.