TĂĄ ĂĄbhar ag litrĂocht na RĂșise, nĂl a fhios agam cĂ©n lionn dubh, mar a bheith ag glacadh leis an oighreata in oirchill earrach nach leor choĂche chun an t-anam a chompord. Ar an gcĂșis seo go beacht, cuireann go leor de na scrĂbhneoirĂ mĂłra RĂșiseacha cothromaĂocht iontach ar fĂĄil dĂșinn idir a n-uaim le haghaidh ceapacha beoghnĂomhaĂochta ina bplĂ©itear a gcarachtar isteach i bhfeitheamh eiseach a thugann aghaidh ar gach rud Ăłn saol sĂłisialta go dtĂ an duine is pearsanta.
CuidĂonn imthosca freisin, ar ndĂłigh. Agus fios agam go bhfuil sĂ© ar intinn agam na scrĂbhneoirĂ is fearr de gach tĂr a tharrthĂĄil, ag dul siar chomh fada leis an XNUMXĂș haois, feicimid fĂ©in le RĂșis atĂĄ drogallach i gcĂłnaĂ, le aicmeachas marcĂĄilte trĂ na czars nĂł trĂ na ceannairĂ SĂłivĂ©adacha a chrĂochnaigh ag dĂ©anamh macasamhail. Iompar na sean-impire na rĂșise. . Paradoxes an-daonna.
Mar sin, dâfhĂ©adfadh go mbeadh an scĂ©alaĂocht do na scrĂbhneoirĂ mĂłra ar nĂłs Dostoiveski nĂł Chekhov ina chleachtadh an-suimiĂșil, rud a chuireann a gcuid mothĂșchĂĄn fĂ©in nĂos dĂ©anaĂ idir an t-easaontacht, an choimhthiĂș agus teagmhĂĄil rĂłmĂĄnsĂșil ar uairibh, agus iad sifted ag sĂșil le splendors nach gcrĂochnaĂonn ag teacht. .
Gabhann oidhreacht na scrĂbhneoirĂ RĂșiseacha is fearr le hĂșdair reatha nua a sheasann amach freisin lena n-oighreacha trasnĂș samhailteacha ina raibh paisin faoi bhlĂĄth i gcĂłnaĂ agus a bhriseann i rĂ©imse na liteartha i dtreo radharcanna gan amhras i measc an oiread sin Ășdair reatha mhaithe.
Na 5 scrĂbhneoirĂ is fearr sa RĂșis
Chekhov. BunĂșs na rĂșise sa scĂ©al
Chomh fada agus a bhaineann le hinsint ghearr, Anton Chekhov bĂonn sĂ© mar thagairt bhunĂșsach dâaon duine atĂĄ i ngrĂĄ leis an sainchĂșram, leis an tsintĂ©is, leis na scĂ©alta beaga iontacha atĂĄ in ann croĂlĂĄr an domhain a fhanann sa rud a mholtar a tharchur, sa mhĂ©id a fhĂłgraĂtear go simplĂ.
Is Ă© atĂĄ sa scĂ©al nĂĄ cur isteach ar shaol duine, lĂ©amh iomlĂĄn ar fĂ©idir taitneamh a bhaint as ar thuras chuig ĂĄit ar bith nĂł mar thionlacan sula n-Ă©irĂonn leat codladh. Agus san fhoirfeacht ghairid sin FeidhmĂonn Chekhov mar an genius is mĂł ar fad. Is fĂ©idir smaoineamh ort fĂ©in mar scrĂbhneoir mar gheall ar thiomantas a thabhairt duit fĂ©in mar scrĂbhneoir. Is cosĂșil go ndĂrĂonn gach scĂ©alaĂ ar a ĂșrscĂ©al deiridh, an ceann a osclaĂonn cruinne nĂos iomlĂĄine agus nĂos casta.
NĂor scrĂobh Chekhov ĂșrscĂ©al riamh de rĂ©ir saothar toirtiĂșil agus caipitithe le cur chuige soilĂ©ir, forbairt agus dĂșnadh. Ach fĂłs tĂĄ a chuid oibre fĂłs ann go dtĂ an lĂĄ atĂĄ inniu ann leis an bhfĂłrsa cĂ©anna le saothar aon ghutha eile. Sa mhĂ©id go bhfuil, mar aon le Tolstoy y Dostoyevsky, dĂ©anann sĂ© triolĂłg dhoshĂĄraithe de litrĂocht na RĂșise agus an domhain a chumadh, as a Ă©agsĂșlacht agus a doimhneacht.
BhĂ a thĂșs marcĂĄilte le riachtanas. BhĂ an-Ă©ileamh ar scrĂbhneoirĂ mar shaghas colĂșnaĂ ficsin in aimsir Chekhov. Nuair a bheidh sĂ© comhdhlĂșite, nĂor stop sĂ© ag scrĂobh faoi mhionteagasc, le smaoineamh an starĂłgach, den radharc uathĂșil mar an lĂ©iriĂș is fearr ar cĂ© muid fĂ©in. Ceann de na bailiĂșchĂĄin is dĂ©anaĂ dĂĄ chuid, anseo:
Dostoevsky. réalachas casta
NĂ dĂ©arfadh Ă©inne gur ghĂ©ill Dostoyevsky dâarm na litrĂochta a bhuĂochas leis na hĂșdair rĂłmĂĄnsĂșla. MĂĄs fĂ©idir rud Ă©igin a aibhsiĂș i an mĂłr Dostoevsky Is Ă© an t-uafĂĄs atĂĄ ann laistigh de chiall mhealltach dhaonnacht gach duine dĂĄ charachtair.
Ach is cinnte go raibh. BhĂ an ghluaiseacht rĂłmĂĄnsĂșil, cĂ© go raibh sĂ© gafa cheana fĂ©in i lĂĄr a chĂșlaithe, fĂłs ina tionchar bunĂșsach ar na lĂ©amha a bhĂ mar an chĂ©ad bhia do Fyodor.
NĂ folĂĄir nĂł gur tharla sĂ© gur aimsigh an t-Ășdar seo go bhfuil an rĂ©altacht righin. Mar thoradh ar na cĂșinsĂ trithĂ agus meath sĂłisialta mhuintir na RĂșise tugadh cineĂĄl eile muses i bhfad nĂos rĂ©adĂșla agus nĂos diongbhĂĄilte a dhoimhniĂș go riachtanas deireanach an anama.
Maidir le haistĂ©itic scĂ©alaĂochta fĂorĂĄlainn, in ainneoin seo, ghlac a argĂłint ghinearĂĄlta leis an mothĂșchĂĄn sin de leamh ginearĂĄlaithe, gan mĂłrĂĄn seachtracha a bheith ĂĄ rialĂș ag daoine, thar aon rud eile, ag eagla agus toimhde cineĂĄlta marfach mar an t-aon chinniĂșint atĂĄ ag na daoine atĂĄ dĂrithe ar chĂșis na Tsarism. .
Chomh maith leis an rĂșn sin chun taobh istigh sĂłisialta a thĂre a lĂ©iriĂș agus an t-anam is doimhne dĂĄ charachtair a chuardach, nĂ fhĂ©adfadh Dostoyevski a thaithĂ saoil fĂ©in a sheachaint mar chĂșis liteartha. Mar gheall ar a sheasamh polaitiĂșil, nuair a bhĂ sĂ© soilĂ©ir, agus nuair a dâfhĂ©adfaĂ a thiomantas liteartha a mheas contĂșirteach cheana fĂ©in, chrĂochnaigh sĂ© pianbhreith saothair Ă©igeantach sa tSibĂ©ir.
Ar ĂĄmharaĂ an tsaoil dâĂ©alaigh sĂ© Ăł phionĂłs an bhĂĄis as comhcheilg agus, tar Ă©is dĂł freastal ar arm na RĂșise mar an dara cuid dĂĄ phianbhreith, bhĂ sĂ© in ann scrĂobh arĂs. Seo thĂos ceann de na heagrĂĄin is luachmhaire de «Coireacht agus PionĂłs»:
Tolstoy. an croiniceoir tragĂłideach
TĂĄ roinnt comhtharlĂșintĂ aisteach i Stair na LitrĂochta, an ceann is cĂĄiliĂșla nĂĄ an sioncrĂłntacht i mbĂĄsanna (nĂ folĂĄir nach raibh siad ach uair an chloig ar shiĂșl) idir an dĂĄ scrĂbhneoir uilĂocha: Cervantes agus Shakespeare. Tagann an chomhtharlĂș mĂłr seo le chĂ©ile leis an gceann a roinneann an t-Ășdar a thugaim anseo inniu, Tolstoy lena chompĂĄnach Dostoyevsky. BhĂ an bheirt scrĂbhneoirĂ is mĂł sa RĂșis agus gan amhras i measc na ndaoine is fearr i litrĂocht an domhain, comhaimseartha freisin.
CineĂĄl claonphĂĄirteachais seans, ba chĂșis le sioncrĂłntacht draĂochta an t-imrĂ©iteach seo i vĂ©arsaĂ na staire. TĂĄ sĂ© chomh follasach ... dĂĄ n-iarrfaimis ar dhuine ar bith ainmneacha beirt scrĂbhneoirĂ RĂșiseacha, luafaidĂs an tandem litreacha seo.
Mar a dâfhĂ©adfaĂ a thuar, ghlac na comhaimseartha tĂ©amaĂ analaĂ. Thug Tolstoy uaidh freisin an meon tragĂłideach, marfach agus ag an am cĂ©anna ceannairceach timpeall sochaĂ sa RĂșis atĂĄ fĂłs srathaithe ... RĂ©alachas mar phointe tosaigh dâfheasacht agus an toil chun athrĂș. Pessimism mar inspiorĂĄid do scenagrafaĂocht existentialist agus thar a bheith iontach ina daonnachas.
Seo ceann de na heagrĂĄin is fearr dĂĄ shaothar iontach âCogadh agus SĂochĂĄinâ:
Maxim Gorky. Stair na rĂșise
Is fiĂș a lua go bhfĂ©adfadh na hamanna crua a bhĂ ina gcĂłnaĂ sa RĂșis idir an XNUMXĂș agus an XNUMXĂș haois, a bheith i bhfabhar an scĂ©ala dian, chriticiĂșil, mhothĂșchĂĄnach sin, a bhĂ an-mhĂłr i dtrĂ©ithe an duine an ainnise, agus Ă© nĂos measa san uacht a bheith ag iarraidh guth a thabhairt do dhomhan atĂĄ tostach ag an Tsarism ar an gcĂ©ad dul sĂos agus leis an rĂ©abhlĂłid nĂos dĂ©anaĂ.
I gcĂĄs Maxim Gorky, lena ĂșrscĂ©al An mhĂĄthair a tharlaĂonn rud Ă©igin cosĂșil le Dostoevsky le Crime and Punishment nĂł Tolstoy le War and Peace. Is Ă©ard a bhĂ i gceist leis an scĂ©al a insint trĂ charachtair a dâfhĂ©adfadh mothĂșchĂĄin daoine a phionĂłsaĂtear go stairiĂșil a shintĂ©isiĂș agus a raibh eagla, athlĂ©imneacht agus dĂłchas rĂ©abhlĂłid ag a n-anamacha a bhĂ nĂos measa fĂłs sa deireadh, mar nuair a bhĂonn ollphĂ©ist eile ag teastĂĄil chun deireadh a chur leis, is Ă© fĂłrsa an t-aon dlĂ a Ă©irĂonn as an gcoinbhleacht.
Is beag taithĂ liteartha atĂĄ nĂos dĂ©ine nĂĄ lĂ©amha na scĂ©alaithe RĂșiseacha seo. I gcĂĄs Gorky i gcĂłnaĂ le pointe fĂordheimhnithe polaitiĂșla, in ainneoin gur Ăł thĂșs a chĂ©ile taobh le Lennin agus a fhilleadh ar thaobh Stalin a lĂ©irigh siad gan amhras ag mĂșscailt go dodhĂ©anta rĂ©abhlĂłid ina raibh a idĂ©-eolaĂocht rannphĂĄirteach go fonnmhar. TĂĄ daoine ann a deir gur fhulaing sĂ© ina fheoil fĂ©in an cos ar bolg Stalineach nach raibh aon rogha morĂĄlta eile aige ach aghaidh a thabhairt air ...
Alexander Pushkin. dĂșiseacht rĂ©alachas na RĂșise
Le haghaidh croineolaĂocht shimplĂ, Pinkkin Aleksandr faigheann sĂ© rĂłl athair litrĂocht mhĂłr na RĂșise a thĂĄinig i lĂĄmha nĂos dĂ©anaĂ Dostoevsky, Tolstoy nĂł Chekhov ĂoslĂłdĂĄil, an scĂ©al sin a bhaineann le litreacha uilĂocha. Mar gheall ar, in ainneoin na difrĂochta tĂ©amaĂ agus an athraithe cur chuige a bhĂ tipiciĂșil dâamanna gach scĂ©alaĂ, figiĂșr bia agus inspiorĂĄide ceaptha Pushkin, bhĂ dearcadh criticiĂșil dĂrithe ina pheann i dtreo rĂłmĂĄnsachais a bhĂ ag Ă©irĂ nĂos amh, go dtĂ go raibh an rĂ©alachas sin amh. curtha in oiriĂșint do shamhlaĂocht gach ceann de na trĂ mhĂłruaisle nĂos dĂ©anaĂ.
Ăn gcliabhĂĄn uasal uaisle, pĂșicĂn Mar sin fĂ©in, chrĂochnaigh sĂ© ag obair mar scĂ©alaĂ criticiĂșil, Ăłn bpointe rĂłmĂĄnsĂșil folaigh sin i gcĂłnaĂ san Ășdar a bhuĂochas dĂĄ oideachas scagtha agus dĂĄ chĂ©ad treoshuĂomh fileata.
Piorra Is fĂ©idir leis an rĂłmĂĄnsachas a bheith ina uirlis chumhachtach idĂ©-eolaĂoch a thugann ionradh ar lĂ©itheoirĂ Ăłna gcuid mothĂșchĂĄn. Agus bhuel, rinne cinsirĂ an Tsar an rĂșn fĂ©ideartha sin a lĂ©irmhĂniĂș, a raibh aird aige i gcĂłnaĂ air mar fhĂłcas Ă©irĂ amach fĂ©ideartha.
Agus Ă© scartha Ăł na hionaid nĂ©arĂłg shĂłisialta agus pholaitiĂșla, gan a bheith in ann bearta diana a ghlacadh ina choinne mar gheall ar a bhunĂșs uaisle, bhĂ Pushkin ag treorĂș a lĂ©iriĂșchĂĄin insinte i dtreo rĂ©alachas cumhachtach a bhĂ measĂșil ar an meas mĂłr a bhĂ aige ar an gcineĂĄl sin bĂ©asa draĂochta, atĂĄ lĂĄn de mhiotais agus finscĂ©alta, tipiciĂșil den rĂłmĂĄnsĂșil oiliĂșna a bhĂ sĂ© i gcĂłnaĂ.